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Bes

For other uses, see BES.
Bes
A depiction of Bes based on various sources
Name in hieroglyphs
D58S29F28
Major cult centerHermopolis, but worshipped everywhere
SymbolOstrich feather
Genealogy
ParentsMin (god) (in some myths)
SiblingsTaweret
ConsortBeset, Taweret

Bes (/ˈbɛs/; also spelled as Bisu, Coptic: Ⲃⲏⲥ), together with his feminine counterpart Beset, is an ancient Egyptian deity, likely of Kushite/Nubian or Nehesi C-Group culture origin [1] worshipped as a protector of households and, in particular, of mothers, children, and childbirth. Bes later came to be regarded as the defender of everything good and the enemy of all that is bad.[2] According to Donald Mackenzie in 1907, Bes may have been a Middle Kingdom import from Nubia or Somalia,[3] and his cult did not become widespread until the beginning of the New Kingdom, but more recently several Bes-like figurines have been found in deposits from the Naqada period of pre-dynastic Egypt, like the thirteen figurines found at Tell el-Farkha.[4]

Worship of Bes spread as far north as the area of Syria and as far west as the Balearic Islands (Ibiza) in Spain, and later into the Roman and Achaemenid Empires.[5]

Origin

Beset
A Statuette of Beset
SymbolOstrich feather
ConsortBes
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People in Upper Egypt started venerating Bes long before people in Lower Egypt. The word “bes” means “cat” in Nubian, suggesting a possible Nubian or southern origin of Bes.[2] It is also possible that the name Bes originated from one of two hieroglyphs: "bs", meaning "flame", possibly in connection to Re, and/or "bz", meaning "to be initiated" or "to introduce" possibly in reference to masks apparently used in the cult of the god.[2] Bes originally looked like a cat standing on his hind legs, before becoming more anthropomorphic and usually depicted with a leopard skin around his neck and resembling a person with dwarfism.[6]

Bes is first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, but seems to have been best known and most widely worshiped in the Middle Kingdom. Evidence of Bes worship in some capacity exists into Coptic Egypt, with the latest evidence being a jug depicting Bes found in Tell Edfu dating to the 10th century CE.[7]

Worship

Egyptian composite capital with a Bes capital above it, in the Dendera Temple complex (Egypt)

Bes was a household protector, becoming responsible– throughout ancient Egyptian history– for such varied tasks as killing snakes, fighting off evil spirits, watching after children, and aiding women in labour by fighting off evil spirits, and thus present with Taweret at births.[8][9][10]

Images of the deity, quite different from those of the other gods, were kept in homes. Normally Egyptian gods were shown in profile, but instead Bes appeared in full face portrait, ithyphallic, and sometimes in a soldier's tunic, so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil. He scared away demons from houses, so his statue was put up as a protector.[2] Since he drove off evil, Bes also came to symbolize the good things in life– music, dance, and sexual pleasure.[2] In the Middle Kingdom, Bes is depicted on a variety of objects, including masks, amulets, infant feeding bottles, and magic knives.[2] In the New Kingdom, tattoos of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls.[11]

Later, in the Ptolemaic period of Egyptian history, chambers were constructed at Saqqara, painted with images of Bes and his female counterpart Beset, thought by Egyptologists to have been for the purpose of curing fertility problems or general healing rituals.[10]

Like many Egyptian gods, the worship of Bes or Beset was exported overseas. While the female variant had been more popular in Minoan Crete, the male version would prove popular with the Phoenicians and the ancient Cypriots.[12]

At the end of the 6th century BC, images of Bes began to spread across the Achaemenid Empire, which Egypt belonged to at the time. Images of Bes have been found at the Persian capital of Susa, and as far away as central Asia. Over time, the image of Bes became more Persian in style, as he was depicted wearing Persian clothes and headdress.[5]

Iconography

Figurines

Modern scholars such as James Romano - Egyptologist and former Curator of Egyptian Art at the Brooklyn Museum - claim that in its earliest inception Bes was a representation of a lion rearing up on its hind legs.[13] After the Third Intermediate Period, Bes can be found on a variety of household objects including furniture, toiletries, infant feeding bottles, game pieces, and more beginning in the Middle Kingdom.[2][10]

Tattoos

As mentioned above, Bes is also seen depicted in tattoos. Wall art from the 19th Dynasty found at the workman's village of Deir El-Medina depicts a tattoo of a dancing Bes on the thigh of a female musician playing her instrument.[2]

Jugs

Pottery Jug Depicting Bes, 5th Century BCE

Jugs, vases, and other storage containers represent the majority of pottery containing Bes iconography. The depiction of an anthropomorphic head on jugs is a style predominately found in West Asian pottery, suggesting that there may be influence from the Syro-Palestinian region.[7] Further supporting the possibility of West Asian influence is tomb 1300 of the Mayana cemetery near Sedment dating from the Second Intermediate Period that contains both vases depicting Bes and five small faience jugs almost certainly of Palestinian origin. This, along with other objects likely of West Asian origin indicates that the occupant likely maintained contact with Palestine, and as such the West Asian style Bes jug may have been manufactured there.[7]

Painted storage jars depicting Bes have also been found in the site of Amarna dating to the late 18th Dynasty, in addition to a multitude of jars found in Deir el-Medina.[7] In addition to these jars as well as aforementioned depictions on bedroom paraphernalia, faience baby bottles have been found in el-Lisht, further showing Bes as a protector of children.[7]

Traces of Peganum harmala, and Nimphaea nouchali var. caerulea were identified in an Egyptian ritual Bes-vase, of the 2nd century BCE.[14]

Bibliography

  • The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Richard H. Wilkinson. ISBN 0-500-05120-8
  • The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Ian Shaw. ISBN 0192804588

References

  1. ^ "Bes, the Odd God: Egypt's Nubian Party Boy". 17 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h El-Kilany, Engy (2017). "The Protective Role of Bes- image for Women and Children in Ancient Egypt" (PDF). Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality. 14 (2): 19–28. doi:10.21608/jaauth.2017.48140 – via Google Scholar.
  3. ^ Mackenzie, Donald A. (1907). Egyptian myth and legend. With historical narrative, notes on race problems, comparative, etc. London: The Gresham Publishing. p. 312. The grotesque god Bes also came into prominence during the Eighteenth Dynasty; it is possible that he was introduced as early as the Twelfth. Although his worship spread into Syria he appears to have been of African origin and may have been imported from Somaliland.
  4. ^ Teeter, Emily (2011). Before the pyramids. Chicago,Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 59. Thirteen dwarf figurines (fig.6.8) were found at Tell el-Farkha, the largest group of such figurines so far discovered anywhere in Egypt (Buszek 2008). Dwarfs played an important role in the culture as indicated by images of them in art, but also by burials of dwarfs found in the immediate vicinity of tombs of the kings and aristocracy. The depictions from Tell el-Farkha attract particular attention because of the high level of workmanship of most of them, as well as the realism of their facial expressions and the representation of their bodies. These are far more skillfully done than any of the previously known early dwarf sculptures
  5. ^ a b Abdi, Kamyar (2002). "Notes on the Iranianization of Bes in the Achaemenid Empire". Ars Orientalis. 32: 133–162. JSTOR 4629595.
  6. ^ Carr, Karen (2017-06-18). "Who was the African god Bes?". Quatr.us Study Guides. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  7. ^ a b c d e Charvat, Petr (1980). "The Bes Jug - Its Origin and Development in Egypt". Zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertumskunde. 107 – via Academia.edu.
  8. ^ "Statue of the Goddess Taweret". The Fitzwilliam Museum. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  9. ^ Kelley, Erika (2022). "Coping with Trauma: Evidence that Suggests the Ancient Egyptians used Transpersonal Psychology to Cope with Birth-Related Trauma". History in the Making. 15 – via Google Scholar.
  10. ^ a b c van Oppen de Ruiter, Branko (17 April 2020). "Lovely Ugly Bes! Animalistic Aspects in Ancient Egyptian Popular Religion". Arts. 9 (2): 51. doi:10.3390/arts9020051. ISSN 2076-0752.
  11. ^ "Faience Figurine and Bowl - Archaeology Magazine, from the Archaeological Institute of America". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  12. ^ Weingarten, Judith (2015). "The Arrival of Bes[et] on Middle-Minoan Crete". In Jana Mynárová; Pavel Onderka; and Peter Pavúk (eds.). There and Back Again – the Crossroads II. Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts of the Charles University. pp. 181–196. ISBN 978-80-7308-575-9.
  13. ^ Richard H. Wilkinson: The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, London 2017, ISBN 0-500-05120-8, p. 104.
  14. ^ Tanasi, Davide; van Oppen de Ruiter, Branko F.; Florian, Fiorella; Pavlovic, Radmila; Chiesa, Luca Maria; Fochi, Igor; Stani, Chiaramaria; Vaccari, Lisa; Chaput, Dale; Samorini, Giorgio; Pallavicini, Alberto; Semeraro, Sabrina; Gaetano, Anastasia Serena; Licen, Sabina; Barbieri, Pierluigi (2024-11-13). "Multianalytical investigation reveals psychotropic substances in a ptolemaic Egyptian vase". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 27891. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1427891T. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78721-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11561246. PMID 39537764.

Further reading

  • Dasen, Veronique (2013). Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-199-68086-8
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes