Symphyotrichum dumosum
| Symphyotrichum dumosum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Tribe: | Astereae |
| Subtribe: | Symphyotrichinae |
| Genus: | Symphyotrichum |
| Subgenus: | Symphyotrichum subg. Symphyotrichum |
| Section: | Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum |
| Species: | S. dumosum |
| Binomial name | |
| Symphyotrichum dumosum | |
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| Native distribution[2] | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Basionym
Alphabetical list
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Symphyotrichum dumosum (formerly Aster dumosus) is a species of flowering plant of the family Asteraceae commonly known as rice button aster[3] and bushy aster.[4] It is native to much of eastern and central North America, as well as Haiti and Dominican Republic.[4] It is a perennial, herbaceous plant that may reach a height of 1 meter (3 feet 3 inches).
Description
Symphyotrichum dumosum is a perennial, herbaceous plant that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet 3 inches) high.[5]
Flowers
Symphyotrichum dumosum is a late-summer and fall blooming perennial, with flower heads opening August–October.[5] The flower heads are about 13 millimeters (1⁄2 inch) diameter when in bloom[6] and grow in open and much-branched paniculiform arrays. Each has many tiny florets put together into what appear as one.[5]
Involucres and phyllaries
On the outside the flower heads of all members of the family Asteraceae are small bracts that look like scales. These are called phyllaries, and together they form the involucre that protects the individual flowers in the head before they open.[a][7] The involucres of Symphyotrichum dumosum are cylinder-bell in shape and usually 4.5–6.3 mm (1⁄5–1⁄4 in)[b] long.[5]
The phyllaries are appressed or slightly spreading. The shape of the outer phyllaries is oblong-oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, and the innermost phyllaries are linear. They are in 4–6 strongly unequal rows, meaning they are very staggered and do not end at the same point, and they are hairless.[5]
Florets
The 15–33 ray florets are blue, pink, purple, or white, with a length averaging 5–7 mm (1⁄5–3⁄10 in)[c] and width of 1–1.7 mm (1⁄24–1⁄16 in).[5] Ray florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are exclusively female, each having a pistil (with style, stigma, and ovary) but no stamen; thus, ray florets accept pollen and each can develop a seed, but they produce no pollen.[8]
The 15–30 disk florets start out as pale yellow and turn pink with age. They are in the shape of a narrow funnel and are shallow at 3.5–4.5 mm (3⁄20–1⁄5 in) in depth. The disk florets are each made up of 5 petals, collectively a corolla, which open into 5 lanceolate lobes[d] comprising less than 25% of the depth of the floret.[5] Disk florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are bisexual, each with both male (stamen, anthers, and filaments) and female reproductive parts; thus, a disk floret produces pollen and can develop a seed.[8]
Flower head showing ray and disk florets
Involucre, phyllaries, and bracts
Involucre, phyllaries, and bracts
Chromosomes
Symphyotrichum dumosum has a chromosome number of x = 8.[9] Diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with respective chromosome counts of 16 and 32 have been reported.[5]
Taxonomy
This species was long known as Aster dumosus before it was moved into its current genus due to a phylogenetic analysis performed by American botanist Guy L. Nesom.[10] The genus Aster has been narrowed considerably in scope in recent years, due to new information about the relationships of the species in the group.[11]
Symphyotrichum dumosum is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum, section Symphyotrichum, subsection Dumosi.[12] It is one of the "bushy asters and relatives."[9] The word Symphyotrichum has as its root the Greek symph, which means "coming together," and trichum, which means "hair."[13] The specific epithet (second part of the scientific name) dumosum is Latin neuter case of dumosus and means "full of thornbushes" and "bushy" (rare).[14]
Infraspecies
Although the following infraspecies are no longer accepted varieties according to Catalogue of Life (COL),[4] Plants of the World Online (POWO),[2] and World Flora Online (WFO),[15] they were accepted as of June 2021 by USDA PLANTS Database,[3] NatureServe,[1] and Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).[16] The autonym is Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum.
- Symphyotrichum dumosum var. gracilipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom
- Symphyotrichum dumosum var. pergracile (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom
- Symphyotrichum dumosum var. strictior (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
- Symphyotrichum dumosum var. subulifolium (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
-
Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana[ref 2]: 133subg. Astropolium[ref 2]: 133subg. Virgulus[ref 1]: 272subg. Symphyotrichum[ref 1]: 267sect. Conyzopsis[ref 1]: 271sect. Occidentales[ref 1]: 271sect. Turbinelli[ref 2]: 133sect. Symphyotrichum[ref 1]: 268Cladogram references- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the Taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), Emphasizing the New World Species". Phytologia. 77 (3) (published 31 January 1995): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41. Ontario: University of Waterloo: 1–134.
- ^ Sugbenus Ascendentes is made up of two allopolyploid species with historic parents from subg. Virgulus and subg. Symphyotrichum.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
Symphyotrichum dumosum has a recorded native presence in the wild in the Canadian province of Ontario, and in the United States in all states east of the Mississippi River except Vermont, as well as west of the Mississippi River in Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.[5] It is also native on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.[2]
It is an introduced species in New Brunswick,[1] and in the countries of Belgium, France, Great Britain, Poland, Romania, and Switzerland.[2] It is not on the European Union's List of invasive alien species of Union concern.[17]
Habitat
Symphyotrichum dumosum is categorized on the United States National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) with Wetland Indicator Status Rating of Facultative (FAC), choosing wetlands or non-wetlands and adjusting accordingly.[18]
Conservation
As of July 2021, NatureServe lists Symphyotrichum dumosum as Secure (G5) worldwide with notation that the global status was last reviewed in 1985. Some North American province and state statuses are as follows: Presumed Extirpated (SX) in Iowa, Possibly Extirpated (SH) in Maine, Critically Imperiled (S1) in Pennsylvania, Imperiled (S2) in Ontario and Ohio, and Vulnerable (S3) in New York and Florida.[1]
Gallery
Mason wasp on flower head
Stem and flower head
Honey bee on flower head
Cluster or small colony of S. dumosum
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b c d NatureServe 2021.
- ^ a b c d e POWO 2019.
- ^ a b USDA 2014.
- ^ a b c Hassler 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brouillet et al. 2020a.
- ^ Picton 1999, p. 130.
- ^ Morhardt & Morhardt 2004, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Brouillet et al. 2020b.
- ^ a b Semple n.d.
- ^ Nesom 1995, p. 280.
- ^ Semple 2021a.
- ^ Semple 2021b.
- ^ Missouri Botanical Garden n.d.
- ^ Lewis & Short 1879.
- ^ WFO 2022.
- ^ ITIS 2021.
- ^ European Commission 2020.
- ^ [USACE, ERDC, CRREL] 2018, p. 176.
References
- Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (5 November 2020a). "Symphyotrichum dumosum". floranorthamerica.org. Point Arena, California: Flora of North America Association. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (6 November 2020b). "Symphyotrichum". floranorthamerica.org. Point Arena, California: Flora of North America Association. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- European Commission (2020). "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". ec.europa.eu. European Union. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- Hassler, M. (8 October 2021). "Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G. L. Nesom – World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World". In Bánki, O.; Roskov, Y.; Döring, M.; Ower, G.; Vandepitte, L.; Hobern, D.; Remsen, D.; Schalk, P.; DeWalt, R.E.; Keping, M.; Miller, J.; Orrell, T.; Aalbu, R.; Adlard, R.; Adriaenssens, E.; Aedo, C.; Aescht, E.; Akkari, N.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A.; et al. (eds.). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 9 November 2021. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. ISSN 2405-8858. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ITIS (2021). "Symphyotrichum dumosum". www.itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- Lewis, C.T.; Short, C. (1879). "dumosus in A Latin Dictionary". Retrieved 19 June 2021 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Missouri Botanical Garden (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder". St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
Genus name comes from the Greek symph meaning coming together and trich meaning hair in possible reference to the flower anthers.
- Morhardt, S.; Morhardt, E. (2004). California desert flowers: an introduction to families, genera, and species. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0520240030.
- NatureServe (4 June 2021). "Symphyotrichum dumosum - Bushy Aster". explorer.natureserve.org. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- Nesom, G.L. (1995). "Review of the taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), emphasizing the New World species". Phytologia. 77 (3). Huntsville, Texas: Michael J. Warnock: 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 20 June 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- Picton, P. (1999). The gardener's guide to growing asters. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-473-3. OCLC 715820196.
- POWO (2019). "Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- Semple, J.C. (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Dumosi: Bushy Asters and Relatives". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- Semple, J.C. (27 April 2021a). "An overview of "asters" and the Tribe Astereae". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- Semple, J.C. (17 May 2021b). "Classification of Symphyotrichum in the restricted sense". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- [USACE, ERDC, CRREL] (2018). "2018 National Wetland Plant List" (PDF). wetland-plants.usace.army.mil. Hanover, New Hampshire: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- NRCS (2014). "Symphyotrichum dumosum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- WFO (2022). "Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom". www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. Retrieved 18 September 2022.