Principality (Duchy) of Anhalt-Dessau Fürstentum (Herzogtum) Anhalt-Dessau (German)
1396–1561 1603–1863
19th century flag of the Anhalt duchies 19th century coat of arms of the Anhalt duchies
The Anhalt principalities, with Anhalt-Dessau in green
Status	State of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806) State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13) State of the German Confederation (from 1815)
Capital	Dessau
Government	Principality
Prince
• 1396–1405	Sigismund I (first)
• 1751–1807	Leopold III (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Partitioned from Anhalt-Zerbst	1396
• Partitioned to create A-Köthen	1471
• Partitioned to create A-Plötzkau and A-Zerbst	1544
• Annexed back to A-Zerbst (later: Anhalt)	1561–1603
• Raised to duchy	1807
• Merged with Anhalt-Köthen	1853
• Duchy of Anhalt reunited	1863
Preceded by Succeeded by Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst Duchy of Anhalt
Today part of	Germany

Anhalt-Dessau was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and later a duchy of the German Confederation. Ruled by the House of Ascania, it was created in 1396 following the partition of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, and finally merged into the re-united Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. The capital of the state was Dessau in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.

The Principality of Anhalt arose in 1212 under its first ruler Henry I, son of the Saxon duke Bernhard III. Named after Anhalt Castle, the ancestral seat of the Ascanian dynasty near Harzgerode, the principality experienced a number of partitions throughout its centuries-long existence.

The Anhalt territory was divided among the sons of Prince Henry I into the principalities of Anhalt-Aschersleben, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst in 1252. In the course of the partition, Prince Siegfried I, the youngest son of Henry I, received the lands around Köthen, Dessau, and Zerbst. His son and successor Prince Albert I took his residence at Köthen Castle in 1295. In 1396, the surviving sons of Prince John II of Anhalt-Zerbst again divided their heritage. The elder Sigismund I became Prince of Anhalt-Dessau and took his residence at Dessau, while his younger brother Albert IV went on to rule as Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.

Upon the death of Sigismund's son Prince George I of Anhalt-Dessau in 1474, the principality was again divided with Anhalt-Köthen. Anhalt-Dessau was partitioned for a second time in 1544 with Anhalt-Zerbst and Anhalt-Plötzkau being created. From 1561 until 1603 Anhalt-Dessau was under the rule of the Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and in 1603 Anhalt-Dessau was recreated, being raised to a duchy in 1807.

Anhalt-Köthen became extinct on the death of the Duke of Anhalt-Köthen, 23 November 1847, and its territories were united to Anhalt-Dessau by Patent of 22 May 1853.^[1] Following the death of the last Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg on 19 August 1863, all of the Anhalt lands came under the rule of the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau who then took the new title of Duke of Anhalt for the newly created Duchy of Anhalt.^[1]

• Sigismund I 1396–1405
• George I 1405–1474
  • Waldemar IV 1405–1417 (co-regent)
  • Sigismund II 1405–1452 (co-regent)
  • Albert V 1405–1469 (co-regent)
• Ernest I 1474–1516
  • George II 1474–1509 (co-regent)
  • Sigismund III 1474–1487 (co-regent)
  • Rudolph IV 1474–1510 (co-regent)
• Joachim I 1516–1561
  • John V 1516–1544 (co-regent)
  • George III 1516–1544 (co-regent)

To Anhalt-Zerbst 1561.

• John George I 1603–1618
• John Casimir 1618–1660
• John George II 1660–1693
• Leopold I 1693–1747
  • Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau regent 1693–1697
• Leopold II 1747–1751
• Leopold III 1751–1807
  • Prince Dietrich regent 1751–1758

Raised to Duchy 1807.

• Leopold III 1807–1817
• Leopold IV 1817–1863

Renamed Duchy of Anhalt 1863.

• Regnal chronology
• Hertslet, Edward (1875), The map of Europe by treaty; showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, London: Butterworths
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anhalt" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–46.