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Alliance Defending Freedom

Alliance Defending Freedom
AbbreviationADF
FormationMarch 25, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-03-25)[1]
TypeNon-profit organization
54-1660459
HeadquartersScottsdale, Arizona[2]
Terry Schlossberg[3]
Kristen Waggoner[4]
Budget$104,000,000[5]: 84 [6] (2022)
Revenue$104,490,113[7][3][6] (2022)
Expenses$81,311,475[7] (2022)
Endowment$20,295,829[7] (2022)
Employees395[7] (2022)
Volunteers1,351[7] (2022)
Websitewww.adflegal.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Alliance Defense Fund
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The Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF), formerly the Alliance Defense Fund, is an American conservative Christian legal advocacy group[8] that works to expand Christian religious liberties and practices within public schools and in government,[9][10] outlaw abortion,[11][12] and oppose LGBTQ rights.[13] ADF is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, with branch offices in several locations including Washington, D.C., and New York.[14] Its international subsidiary, Alliance Defending Freedom International, with headquarters in Vienna, Austria,[15] operates in over 100 countries.[16]

ADF is one of the most organized and influential Christian legal interest groups in the United States[17] based on its budget, caseload, network of allied attorneys, and connections to significant members of the political right.[18][19][20] Mike Johnson, a former ADF attorney,[21][22] was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives on October 25, 2023.[23][24] Others who have been associated with ADF include U.S. Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett,[18][25] former vice president Mike Pence,[26] former attorneys general William Barr[27] and Jeff Sessions,[19][28] and Senator Josh Hawley.[29][30]

ADF attorneys have argued a number of cases before the Supreme Court, taking positions including support for religious activity in public school and Christian prayer at town meetings, narrowing insurance coverage for contraceptives, prohibiting same-sex marriage, and supporting businesses in the wedding industry that refuse to service gay marriages.[31] ADF lawyers wrote the model for Mississippi's anti-abortion legislation, leading to the Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization to overrule Roe v. Wade that had established a right to abortion in America in 1973.[32]

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) designates ADF as an anti-LGBT hate group, saying in 2017 that since the election of President Donald Trump ADF had become "one of the most influential groups informing the [Trump] administration's attack on LGBTQ rights".[33][13][34] The ADF has taken many anti-LGBT positions: it opposes same-sex marriage, decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity, and anti-discrimination laws, and takes an active role in writing model anti-transgender bills for state legislators.[13][35][36]

History and structure

Founding

Bill and Vonette Bright
James Dobson
Co-founders of Alliance Defense Fund, the predecessor to Alliance Defending Freedom.

The Alliance Defense Fund was founded by members of the Christian right movement to prevent what its founders saw as threats to religious liberty in American society.[17][20] ADF was incorporated in 1993[1] by six conservative Christian men, most of whom belonged to evangelical movements.[37] The co-founders were Bill Bright, who also founded Campus Crusade for Christ; Larry Burkett, an evangelical financial advisor; James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family; D. James Kennedy, Evangelist pastor and founder of Coral Ridge Ministries; Marlin Maddoux, a Christian radio radio personality; Mark Siljander, former U.S. Congressman; and Alan Sears, former director of the Meese Commission and a devout Catholic.[38]

In its early years, Alliance Defense Fund funded legal cases rather than litigating directly. It particularly targeted the work of the American Civil Liberties Union, which its founders saw as contributing to an erosion of Christian values.[20][12][39][40]

Shift to direct litigation

The Alliance Defense Fund changed its name to Alliance Defending Freedom in 2012. The name change was intended to reflect the organization's shift in focus from funding allied attorneys to directly litigating cases.[41]

By 2014 the organization had more than 40 staff attorneys, and had "emerged as the largest legal force of the religious right, arguing hundreds of pro bono cases across the country."[20] In 2014, ADF literature described part of its mission as "[seeking] to recover the robust Christendomic theology of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries."[42][43][44] The ADF garnered national attention in its 2014 challenge to the Affordable Care Act. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., the Court ruled that the birth control mandate in employee funded health plans violated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993[45] since there existed a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest.[46]

Leadership and international expansion

The ADF's first president, CEO and Chief Counsel was Alan Sears, who was also a founder of the organization.[47] Sears has been described as "an ardent antipornography crusader",[48] and had previously served as staff executive director of the Reagan administration Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, which produced the 1986 Meese Report.[49]

Sears led the organization for over 20 years, until 2017. From 2017 to 2022, Michael Farris, the founder of Patrick Henry College, was CEO of ADF. Farris lobbied Congress for the passage of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.[47] He has been closely associated with the Christian homeschooling movement since the 1980s and is the founder of the Christian organization Home School Legal Defense Association, which offers legal representation to home-schooling parents.[12] In 2016, Farris voiced opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy for president, opining that "Trump most clearly fails the traditional standard championed by the Christian right on the subject of personal character."[50] However, after Trump refused to concede the 2020 presidential election and made false claims of voter fraud, Farris worked to overturn the election results, drafting a legal complaint with Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton in the unsuccessful case Texas v. Pennsylvania.[51][52]

On October 1, 2022, Kristen Waggoner succeeded Farris as CEO and President of ADF, retaining her role as General Counsel.[53]

ADF International

Since 2010, ADF's global arm, ADF International, has been increasingly active around the world. In 2015, ADF International stated that it had been involved in "over 500 cases before national and international tribunals," in the United States of America, Argentina, Honduras, India, Mexico, Peru, the European Union Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.[54] The organization reported 580 "ongoing legal matters" in fifty-one countries as of 2017,[55] and had a budget of $11.5 million worldwide in 2020–2021.[56][57] The organization established an affiliate group in India (ADF India) in 2012, headquartered in Delhi.[58] In addition, ADF is incorporated in a number of European countries under "ADF International": Belgium, Germany (as ADF International Deutschland), France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Austria (as ADF International Austria GmbH).[59] The organization also lobbies the European Union Parliament via ADF International Belgium, which participates in the intergroup organization "Freedom of Religion and Religious Tolerance." As part of EU advocacy, its members have presented on issues including Christian minority persecution in Iraq and Myanmar.[57]

ADF International's budget was US$11.5 million (€9,489,000) in FY 2020–21.[57] In the EU, the organization spent about $9.8 million (€8.7 million) from 2008 to 2016.[56] In 2020, it reported a budget of about $2 million per year (£1.5 million), including approximately $430,000 on lobbying EU officials.[56] Its registered EU lobbying group, ADF International Belgium, had five employees and a $585,000 budget for the 2022-23 financial year.[60] In its financial disclosure information, ADF International Belgium lists its source as a donation from Alliance Defending Freedom.[60]

Finances and donors

ADF is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization.[61] Net assets were approximately $49 million in 2020, $57 million in 2021, and $78.5 million in 2022.[3][62][6][needs update]

ADF won a Supreme Court case that ended California's requirement for non-profits to release the names of their major donors, Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021). Thus, while donors' identities are reported on federal tax returns, that information is not required to be made public under IRS regulations.[63]

The Servant Foundation donated over $50,000,000 to the Alliance Defending Freedom between 2018 and 2020, via the foundation's financial arm, The Signatry.[64][65][66] The most public use of these funds has been the "He Gets Us" campaign during Super Bowl commercial breaks.[67][68][69][70] Other donors include: the Green family,[67][68][69][70] the Covenant Foundation, the Bolthouse Foundation,[71] the Edgar and Elsa Prince Foundation,[72][5]: 84, 255  the Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation, the Bradley Foundation,[73][74] and the Charles Koch Institute.[75] The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, one of largest charities in the Pacific Northwest, donated nearly $1,000,000 to ADF from 2007 to 2016.[76]

Litigation positions

ADF's positions include supporting religion in public institutions, opposing LGBTQ rights, opposing abortion and contraception, and other positions aligned with conservative Christianity in the United States.

Issue advocacy as a function of press releases (2017)[11]

  Religious liberty (45%)
  Opposition to abortion (22%)
  Opposition to same-sex marriage (21%)
  Not specified (12%)

Religion in public institutions

According to materials for its donors, ADF seeks to spread a belief in "the framers' original intent for the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights as it reflects God's natural law and God's higher law."[9] Before taking the oath of office as Speaker of the House of Representatives, current, former ADF lawyer Mike Johnson stated, "The Bible is very clear that God is the one that raises up those in authority ... each of you, all of us."[21] The organization pursues "strategies for reclaiming the judicial system as it was originally envisioned," most notably through litigation.[9]

The ADF has been involved in several United States Supreme Court cases that would permit use of public buildings and public funds for religious purposes, such as Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995) and Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001). ADF also supports allowing Christian prayer at public town meetings (see Town of Greece v. Galloway) and the use of religious displays (such as crosses and other religious monuments) in public buildings and on public lands.[10]

Religion in schools

ADF has argued that parents who object to sex education on religious grounds should have the right to opt not to have their children attend.[10] The organization has been involved in many cases religious practice in public schools. In Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001), for example, the ADF was part of a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that religious clubs must be afforded equal access to use public school facilities.[77]

Christian-only adoption

In 2022, ADF took on a case defending a Tennessee-based Christian adoption agency that refused to work with Jewish prospective parents.[78][79][80][81] The case, which names the State of Tennessee as a defendant for its law permitting religious organizations to reject applicants based on faith, was dismissed on technical grounds.[82] As of late July 2022, the case is being appealed to the Tennessee Court of Appeals on behalf of the couple and several other plaintiffs.[82][83] On August 24, 2023, the Tennessee Court of Appeals reversed the trial-court panel's decision, agreeing that the Rutan-Rams and all the other plaintiffs have the right to bring the lawsuit. The Tennessee Department of Children's Services then filed an application seeking review of the case by the Tennessee Supreme Court.

Commenting on an earlier case in South Carolina, an ADF spokesperson expressed support for an evangelical foster care provider in South Carolina that rejects Jewish prospective parents, as well as LGBTQ people, atheists, and other non-Christians.[84][85] The agency, Miracle Hill Ministries, is the largest foster and adoption agency in South Carolina and receives public funding; its president has stated that its religious discrimination policy is justified, because "We look like a social service agency, but we're a community of Christ followers and our faith in Christ is the most important part of who we are."[86][87] A Catholic woman sued the agency after being rejected on the basis of religion, but the agency later changed its rules to permit "Catholics who affirm Miracle Hill's doctrinal statement in belief and practice to serve as foster parents and employees."[88]

At the request of South Carolina governor Henry McMaster, the Trump administration granted the organization a waiver of federal non-discrimination law. An ADF spokesperson indicated that the organization is "grateful [to] HHS and South Carolina" for granting the waiver, which allows the agency to continue to restrict fostering and adoption work to those who endorse evangelical beliefs.[84][85][89]

Opposing LGBTQ rights

In 2003, ADF unsuccessfully called for the recriminalization of homosexual acts in the U.S. (prior to 1962, sodomy had been a felony in every U.S. state), filing a Supreme Court brief supporting Texas' sodomy law in the landmark Lawrence v. Texas case which declared sodomy laws unconstitutional; it linked homosexuality to pedophilia.[13] ADF also opposes same-sex marriage and civil unions, as well as adoption by same-sex couples, based on its leaders' "belief that God created men, women, and families such that children thrive best in homes with a married mother and father."[90][91] ADF provided legal support to the defendants in two Supreme Court cases dealing with the intersection of freedom of religion against Colorado's anti-discrimination laws for public-serving businesses, Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018) and 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2022); in both cases, the underlying issue was whether Christian business owners, under the anti-discrimination law, were compelled to create works with LGBT messaging that they said went against their Christian faith. In 2021, the Supreme Court declined to consider an appeal from ADF attorneys on behalf of a florist who refused to serve her clients' same-sex wedding, with three of the nine justices indicating they were willing to hear the case.[92]

The organization has worked internationally to prevent decriminalization of homosexuality in Jamaica and Belize.[93] The SPLC has reported on ADF support for a law criminalizing same-sex sexual acts in Belize (ruled unconstitutional in 2016).[94][95] The ADF denied playing any role in the case.[96] In the United Kingdom, ADF International advocated in favor of a mother's custody of her child, against the custody of the child's father and his same-sex partner.[55] ADF also has links to the former prime minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, an outspoken opponent of the legalization of same-sex marriage in Australia. Abbott gave a speech to ADF regarding marriage in 2016.[97]

ADF opposes transgender rights based on an idea that "God creates each person with an immutable biological sex — male or female..."[98] The organization has litigated against transgender employment protections, access to bathrooms, and participation in sports for transgender people. Members of ADF also authored model legislation for bathroom bills in the United States, aimed at restricting transgender people's use of public bathrooms.[35] In 2020, the ADF lost a Supreme Court case in which they argued that employers should be allowed to discriminate against transgender people. ADF attorneys defended a funeral home that fired a trans employee in the Supreme Court case, R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, losing in a 6–3 vote.[99]

The organization has worked to prevent transgender athletes from playing sports with the gender they identify with, through lawsuits and by lobbying state legislatures.[100][101] In April 2022, ADF-affiliated lawyers defended a professor at Shawnee State University, Ohio, who refused to use preferred pronouns when referring to a transgender student; the university agreed to a $400,000 settlement with the professor.[102]

In Europe, ADF International has supported mandatory genital surgery (and consequent sterilization) of transgender people before they are allowed to change the gender marker on government IDs.[36] However, a decision by the European Court of Human Rights, A.P., Garçon and Nicot v. France, has led France, Greece, Portugal, and several other countries to allow non-medical pathways to gender marker change.[103]

In June 2022 several groups opposing trans rights, including Alliance Defending Freedom, WDI USA, Family Research Council and Women's Liberation Front, organized an anti-trans rally in Washington D.C.[104]

In June 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of the plaintiff, represented by ADF, for the 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis case.[105][106][107][108][109] The ruling sparked widespread criticism regarding whether the plaintiff lacked standing.[110][111][112][113][114][115] These criticisms prompted several articles myth-busting the attackers on the plaintiff's standing.[116][117][118][119][120][121]

Opposing abortion, birth control, and euthanasia

ADF has long opposed abortion, and has litigated to restrict access to abortion and contraception in the US and in other countries.

In the 2022 decision Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, the Supreme Court upheld a Mississippi law that was the nation's first-ever 15-week abortion ban, thereby overturning Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). The Mississippi law was based on ADF's model legislation, specifically designed to provoke a legal challenge that would be appealed to the ultraconservative Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and then to the Supreme Court.[122] ADF lawyers served on the Mississippi Attorney General's legal team to defend the ban.[32] That strategy succeeded in ending the legal right to abortion in the United States, and giving states the power to restrict or ban medical care related to pregnancy termination. The ADF has links to at least one Justice of the Supreme Court, Amy Coney Barrett.[18][25][58]

The ADF represents the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. US Food and Drug Administration,[123][124] a case where the plaintiff has challenged the U.S Food and Drug Agency's longstanding approval of mifepristone, a drug frequently used in medical abortion procedures.[125][126][127]

One of its most notable legal battles was a 2014 case challenging the Affordable Care Act. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., the Court ruled that the birth control mandate in employee-funded health plans when the company is "closely-held" violated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993. The case set a precedent for allowing corporations and individuals to make religious claims for exemption from laws and regulations based on a religious freedom argument.[45][128][129][130] The United States Supreme Court held that privately held corporations could be exempt from Affordable Care Act regulations if the owners asserted religiously objections, basing the decision on the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993. The decision meant that many employers could decide not to cover contraceptives through their health insurance plans.[131][132]

In 2014, lawyers from the organization represented parents who wanted public schools to remove pages from a biology textbook that mentioned abortion and sexually transmitted diseases.[133]

International anti-abortion work

ADF has led an international campaign to influence and restrict the right to abortion.[134] The organization takes the position that healthcare workers have a right to refuse to provide care for abortion and other practices the individual finds morally objectionable.[135] ADF has backed anti-abortion causes in Ireland,[55] El Salvador, Colombia, Poland and Sweden.[136] In the United Kingdom, the group has campaigned against buffer zones around abortion clinics.[137]

In Sweden, a midwife, Ellinor Grimmark, sued the province of Jönköping for discrimination because she was refused employment when, citing "freedom of conscience", she refused to give morning-after pills, perform abortions, or put in copper IUDs. She lost both her hearing before the Discrimination Ombudsman, and at the Jönköping district court.[138] The proceedings in the Labor Court of Sweden began on January 24, 2017, and her case received both legal and financial aid from ADF. Grimmark's legal representative, Ruth Nordström, was a registered partner of ADF,[139] and both Grimmark and Nordström participated in ADFs marketing films.[140] Nordström co-wrote an opinion piece opposing abortion rights with an ADF representative for Sveriges Television, Sweden's national public television broadcaster.[141]

Campaigns against assisted suicide

The ADF has campaigned against the legalization of voluntary euthanasia in the United Kingdom.[137] The group has also challenged the right to euthanasia in Belgium, before the European Court of Human Rights.[142][143] ADF India also campaigns against assisted suicide and euthanasia.[144]

COVID-19 restriction cases

ADF has opposed government measures aimed at stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the United States and in other countries. In the US, ADF partnered with The Daily Wire in a legal challenge against the Biden administration's OSHA vaccine mandate.[145] In Uganda, ADF joined a Texas libertarian organization in backing a campaign to end restrictions on large gatherings that the government had implemented to reduce COVID-19 spread.[146] ADF brought legal challenges against the Ugandan government's regulations on large gatherings.[147] In Scotland, ADF fought against COVID-19 regulations on large gatherings, claiming that the measures were unfair to religious groups.[148] The ADF-backed lawsuit won in Scotland's high court. A poll commissioned by the Humanist Society showed that more than three-quarters of Scots were opposed to the church's reopening and the Church of Scotland distanced itself from the legal action, saying that they accepted measures to prevent COVID-19 spread.[149]

Non-profit donor disclosure

In the US Supreme Court decision Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021), ADF argued that non-profits should not be required to disclose the identities of their donors on California state tax returns. Donors who gave more than $5,000 or 2% of the total donations to a non-profit in a year were to be named on the state returns. In a victory for ADF, the court struck down the disclosure law as unconstitutional.[63]

Other activities

Blackstone Legal Fellowship, named after the English jurist William Blackstone, is ADF's summer legal training program. It was founded in 2000 for the purpose of preparing Christian law students for professional legal careers. The first class comprised 24 interns.[150] The program is made up of interns, called Fellows, from a diverse selection of law schools as well as elite institutions such as Harvard and Yale.[150] Amy Coney Barrett, who went on to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was a paid speaker at Blackstone on five occasions between 2013 and 2017.[18]

Public campaigns

In 2003 the ADF launched the "Christmas Project", aiming to discourage non-Christian holidays from being celebrated and to promote Christmas celebrations in public schools.[151][152] The annual initiative was organized in an effort to prevent school districts from holding secular holiday celebrations, or what the organization called the "censorship of Christmas". In its press release ADF singled out the American Civil Liberties Union as the chief target of the campaign.[153] By 2004, the organization had contacted 3,600 school districts to inform them that they were not required by the Constitution to have holiday celebrations inclusive of all religions.[151]

In 2005 the ADF and Focus on the Family began sponsoring a counter-protest called the Day of Truth (later called "Day of Dialogue") to oppose the annual Day of Silence, an annual event to promote awareness of anti-LGBT bullying and harassment in schools. The ADF asserted that 1,100 students from 350 schools participated in ADF's event, which ADF billed as a response to the "homosexual agenda".[154]

Church political activity and tax exemption

Pulpit Freedom Sunday in 2011

In 2008, ADF launched the first Pulpit Freedom Sunday to promote political messaging and endorsements in Christian pastors' sermons in defiance of the prohibition on political endorsements by non-profit 501(c)(3) organizations under the 1954 Johnson Amendment.[155][20][156] The practice of political endorsement is not broadly accepted within the evangelical community, with most Evangelical pastors opposed as of 2017.[157]

Pulpit Freedom Sunday is an initiative aimed to overturn the Johnson Amendment, which restricts political campaigning by tax-exempt non-profit organizations, which includes most churches. According to The New York Times, ADF's campaign is "perhaps its most aggressive effort."[20] In the first year about 35 pastors participated, in what they consider an act of civil disobedience, endorsing political candidates in their sermons and defying the Internal Revenue Service regulations. In Minnesota, Reverend Gus Booth encouraged his congregation to vote for John McCain rather than Barack Obama.[158] As of 2014, participation in the event had grown to about 1,800 pastors. The IRS indicated that it would increase enforcement of the Johnson Amendment.[159]

Reception

Principal concerns of the ADF have been prohibiting abortion and opposing gay rights. Several founding members wrote books condemning homosexuality, including longtime president Alan Sears, who authored the 2003 book The Homosexual Agenda,[160][161] and Marlin Malloux, who wrote 1994's Answers to the Gay Deception.[162] D. James Kennedy dismissed same-sex marriage as "counterfeit"[163] and promoted pseudoscientific conversion therapy,[164] while helped launch a ministry aiming to help gay people "overcome" homosexuality.[165][166]

Some opponents of the Pulpit Freedom Sunday movement have voiced concern about permitting churches to endorse politicians because it would allow political donors to remain anonymous and to get tax breaks for their donations.[167] Unlike other non-profits, churches aren't required to make financial disclosures, so churches endorsing politicians could act as funnels for anonymous campaign donations, or "dark money".[156]

The Southern Poverty Law Center listed the organization as an extremist anti-LGBTQ hate group in 2016. The group's designation "was a judgment call that went all the way up to top leadership at the SPLC."[168] According to the SPLC, the ADF was included on the list due to the group's filing of an amicus brief in the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas, in which the ADF expressed support for upholding the state's right to criminalize consensual sexual acts between people of the same sex.[37] The SPLC has described the ADF as "virulently anti-gay".[13][169] The SPLC describes the group's mission as "making life as difficult as possible for LGBT communities in the U.S. and internationally."[37] The ADF has opposed its inclusion on the SPLC's list, with senior counsel Jeremy Tedesco describing it as "a stranglehold on conservative and religious groups that is just hovering over us and that can continue to constrict and limit our ability to simply voice our opinion."[168] Farris has called the SPLC's designation of ADF as a hate group a "troubling smear" and "slander".[170]

In July 2017, U.S. sitting Attorney General Jeff Sessions attended ADF's Summit on Religious Liberty. Sessions said, "While your clients vary from pastors to nuns to geologists, all of us benefit from your good work." LGBTQ rights groups criticized Sessions for his participation at the event. Dominic Holden wrote in BuzzFeed News that ADF's growing influence within the federal government can be attributed to Sessions' support.[28][19]

Associated people

The following people are currently or have been affiliated or associated with ADF:

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Alliance Defending Freedom Archived September 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Business Entity Details. State Corporation Commission. Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  2. ^ Feddern, Mark; Eckman, Jacqueline (May 1, 2015). Return of organization exempt from income tax 2013: Alliance Defending Freedom (PDF) (Form 990). ‹See Tfd›EIN 541660459. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Guidestar.
  3. ^ a b c "Alliance Defending Freedom - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. May 18, 2021. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  4. ^ "ADF names new president, CEO". adflegal.org. Alliance Defending Freedom. August 19, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Stewart, Katherine (2011). The Good News Club: The Christian Right's Stealth Assault on America's Children. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1586488437.
  6. ^ a b c Eggleston, Rebecca; Capin Crouse LLC (May 11, 2023). Return of organization exempt from income tax 2021: Alliance Defending Freedom (Form 990). ‹See Tfd›EIN 541660459. Retrieved August 12, 2023 – via ProPublica.
  7. ^ a b c d e Eggleston, Rebecca; Batson, Ted R. Jr. (May 11, 2023). Return of organization exempt from income tax 2021: Alliance Defending Freedom (PDF) (Form 990). ‹See Tfd›EIN 541660459. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023 – via adflegal.org.
  8. ^ "Company Profile: Alliance Defending Freedom". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Feddern, Mark; Sanders, Vicki (February 20, 2009). Return of organization exempt from income tax 2007: Alliance Defense Fund Inc (Form 990). ‹See Tfd›EIN 541660459. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022 – via ProPublica.
  10. ^ a b c Gizzi, John (2009). "Alliance Defense Fund Promotes Religious Freedom". Human Events. 65 (28): 21.
  11. ^ a b Bennett, Daniel (September 19, 2017). "Masterpiece Cakeshop: Meet the Christian Legal Group Behind the High-Profile Court Case". Religion & Politics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c Vile, John. "Alliance Defending Freedom". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Middle Tennessee State University. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Alliance Defending Freedom". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  14. ^ "International Overview". Alliance Defending Freedom. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  15. ^ "About Us". ADF International. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  16. ^ Roach, David (July 27, 2022). "Religious Liberty Firm Goes Global with 1,500 International Cases". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on July 30, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  17. ^ a b Bennett, Daniel (2017). Defending Faith: The Politics of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700624607.
  18. ^ a b c d e Brown, Emma; Swaine, John (September 27, 2020). "Amy Coney Barrett, Supreme Court nominee, spoke at program founded to inspire a 'distinctly Christian worldview in every area of law'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022. The group changed its name to Alliance Defending Freedom in 2012 and has grown into a legal and financial powerhouse.
  19. ^ a b c d Holden, Dominic (December 4, 2017). "How This Anti-Trump Evangelical Is Quietly Taking Advantage of The Trump Presidency". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. In the 10 months since Farris took over, he has shepherded the group from relative obscurity to arguably become the most influential — and increasingly prominent — conservative law group in the United States.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Eckholm, Eric (May 11, 2014). "Legal Alliance Gains Host of Court Victories for Conservative Christian Movement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018. Alliance Defending Freedom, which, with its $40 million annual budget, 40-plus staff lawyers and hundreds of affiliated lawyers, has emerged as the largest legal force of the religious right, arguing hundreds of pro bono cases across the country.
  21. ^ a b Smith, Peter (October 27, 2023). "Christian right cheers new House speaker, conservative evangelical Mike Johnson, as one of their own". Texarkana Gazette. Retrieved October 29, 2023. Evangelical Christian conservatives have long had allies in top Republican leadership in Congress. But never before have they had one so thoroughly embedded in their movement as new House Speaker Mike Johnson. ... Johnson served as an attorney with what's now known as Alliance Defending Freedom, one of the foremost legal advocates of causes valued by many on the religious right.
  22. ^ Pauly, Madison (October 26, 2023). "Mike Johnson's Long Flirtation With Christian Nationalism: The new speaker has a lengthy association with far-right activism". Mother Jones. Retrieved October 29, 2023. Long before he was even elected to the Louisiana legislature, he spent years as an attorney and spokesperson for the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF), a powerful conservative organization that carries out much of the Christian right's legal agenda.
  23. ^ "Congressman Mike Johnson Elected Speaker of the House". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
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Further reading

  • Budziszewski, J. (2006). Natural Law For Lawyers. ACW Press and The Blackstone Legal Fellowship. ISBN 978-1932124798.
  • Jones, Emma (June 2016). "Fair Access Versus Religious Freedom: A Difficult Balance". Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. 5 (2): 359–364. doi:10.1093/ojlr/rww018.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Defense_Fund