Aksakov (Russian: Аксаков) is a surname of Russian origin. The feminine version of this surname is Aksakova (Russian: Аксакова). Notable people with the surname include:

• Alexander Aksakov (1832–1903), Russian author, editor, and parapsychologist
• Anatoly Aksakov (born 1957), Russian politician and economist
• Ivan Aksakov (1823–1886), Russian journalist and Slavophile intellectual
• Konstantin Aksakov (1817–1860), Russian writer and Slavophile intellectual
• Sergey Aksakov (1791–1859), Russian writer and critic, father of Ivan, Konstantin, and Vera
• Vera Aksakova (1819–1864), Russian writer

• Aksakov (crater), crater on Mercury
• Aksakov Museum, biographical museum in Ufa, Russia
• Aksakovo

• Unbegaun, B. O. (1972). Russian Surnames. Oxford University Press.