Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season

2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedDecember 1, 2008
Last system dissipatedApril 11, 2009
Strongest storm
NameLin
 • Maximum winds110 km/h (70 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure975 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances15
Total depressions12
Tropical cyclones6
Severe tropical cyclones0 (record low)
Total fatalities11
Total damage$65 million (2009 USD)
Related articles
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11

The 2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season was a below average tropical cyclone season, which featured six named tropical cyclones compared to an average of about nine. Ahead of the season officially starting on November 1, 2008, the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook predicted that the season, would feature an average risk of tropical cyclones impacting the South Pacific between 160°E and 120°W. The first tropical disturbance of the season developed to the northeast of the Samoan Islands on December 1, however, it remained weak and was last noted during the next day.

Seasonal forecasts

Ahead of the cyclone season formally starting on November 1, 2008, New Zealand's MetService and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), as well as various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during September 2008.[1] The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific, as well as analogue seasons that had a similar climate background.[1] The outlook noted that on average eight to ten tropical cyclones occur between 135°E and 120°W during seasons, with neutral ENSO conditions.[1] It was also predicted that there was a normal risk of tropical cyclones occurring over most of the Pacific and that the first named tropical cyclone would occur before the end of December.[1] The outlook also assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island nation or territory and noted that several tropical cyclones, usually occurred in the region between Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.[1] Most areas including Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Niue and Tuvalu, were thought to have an average risk of being impacted by one or more tropical cyclones.[1] The Northern Cook Islands and the Tuamotu Islands were thought to have reduced risk, while it was thought unlikely that Pitcairn Island, Kiribati and the Marquesas would be impacted by a tropical cyclone.[1]

During January 2009, a revised Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook was issued, which stated that La Niña conditions had redeveloped in the tropical Pacific and were expected to persist.[2] As a result, they noted that on average six or seven tropical cyclones, could be expected to develop over the Pacific Ocean, during a season characterised by a weak La Niña.[2] They also noted that the risk of a tropical cyclone impacting a certain island nation or territory had changed with an increased risk for areas to the west of the International Date Line.[2] In particular, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Zealand, New Caledonia now had an increased risk, while Fiji had a variable risk of being affected by one or more tropical cyclones.[2] The Northern Cook Islands, Tonga, Niue, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa and Tokelau were thought to have a reduced risk of being impacted, while other areas such as the Southern Cook Islands, Tuvalu and Papua New Guinea had an average risk of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[2]

Season summary

January 2009 Fiji floodsTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

During the season, a total of fifteen significant tropical disturbances were monitored and numbered by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W.[3] Off these tropical disturbances, six became named tropical cyclones, while none developed into severe tropical cyclones for the first time since the 1994–95 season.[3][4] The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on December 1, while the final system Tropical Disturbance 15F was last noted in the basin during April 10.

Notable systems include Tropical Depression 04F, which caused Fiji's second worst natural disaster at the time. Tropical Depression 08F, which intensified into Cyclone Hettie, was the first tropical cyclone to form during the season. Tropical Depression 10F brought heavy rains to Vanuatu and before making landfall on New Caledonia intensified into Tropical Cyclone Innis. After it made landfall, Innis became the first Tropical Depression to move into TCWC Brisbane's Area of responsibility since Cyclone Larry. Cyclones Joni and Ken both threatened the Southern Cook Islands however they only delivered minimal impacts. Cyclone Jasper then moved into the region early on March 24 at peak intensity, having developed inside TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility two days earlier. The final named storm to develop during the season was Tropical Cyclone Lin, near the Lau Group of Fiji and Tonga.

Systems

Tropical Depression 02F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationDecember 3 – December 6
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph) (10-min);
1004 hPa (mbar)

Early on December 3, RSMC Nadi reported that a Tropical Disturbance had formed near the Southern Cook Islands and was located in a moderately sheared environment and was moving towards the southeast.[5][6] Deep Convection had been present around a well-defined cyclonic circulation for the previous 24 hours.[6] Over the next day the disturbance gradually developed with RSMC Nadi upgrading it to a Tropical Depression later that day whilst it was moving between Niue and the Southern Cook Islands.[7] Over the next couple of days the depression gradually weakened with convection which was located in the southern and eastern quadrants became sheared and the low level circulation centre became exposed as it moved into an area of cooler sea surface temperatures.[8] Late on December 6 RSMC Nadi issued their final advisory on the depression as it moved into TCWC Wellingtons area of responsibility and was expected to become a mid latitude low-pressure system within 12 hours.[9]

Tropical Depression 04F

Further information: January 2009 Fiji floods
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 4 – January 12
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 04F formed late on January 4, as a weak tropical disturbance near to the eastern edge of RSMC Nadi's responsibility.[10] The disturbance then rapidly organised itself sufficiently to be classified as Tropical Depression 04F early the next morning.[11] Over the next couple of days the depression moved towards the southeast, before on January 8 as it started to bring heavy rainfall to Fiji.[12] RSMC Nadi then issued their final advisory on it later that day, as it was now an extratropical depression. However, late the next day RSMC Nadi started to reissue advisories on the depression and immediately passed primary warning responsibility for it to the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Wellington, who issued warnings on the depression until early on January 12 when they issued their last advisory.

Floods and mudslides caused by the depression killed at least eleven people in Fiji. Several towns and rural areas on Viti Levu were flooded.[13]

Tropical Depression 05F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 11 – January 14
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

On January 11, RSMC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had formed to the south of the Solomon Islands and was just inside TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility, and started issuing Tropical Disturbance Summaries on it. As the depression moved into RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility it was designated as 05F. Nadi reported at this time that whilst the depression had a low to moderate chance of forming into a tropical cyclone within 48 hours, there was an upper trough of low pressure that could provide an opportunity for the depression to either rapidly or explosively develop. Despite fair conditions, it dissipated without ever becoming a cyclone.

Tropical Depression 06F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 19 – January 23
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1005 hPa (mbar)

Late on January 19, RSMC Nadi reported that a tropical disturbance had formed in a monsoonal trough of low pressure about 940 km to the north west of Papeete, in French Polynesia. Convection was confined to the northeast of the low level circulation and was disorganised.[14][15][16] Late the next day whilst the disturbance was moving to the east and into an area of higher vertical wind shear, RSMC Nadi upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression despite its low level circulation centre being exposed and lying to the west of the deep convection.[16] During the next morning as it interacted with another disturbance to the northwest the depression reached its peak wind speeds of 55 km/h (34 mph)[17][18] Over the next couple of days th depression moved towards the south before late on January 23 RSMC Nadi issued their final advisory on the depression as it was expected to become a hybrid system within 24 hours.[19]

Tropical Depression 07F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 23 – January 25
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
1006 hPa (mbar)

On January 23, RSMC Nadi reported that a Tropical Depression had formed, to the southwest of American Samoa. Later that day as the Depression moved towards the east they downgraded the Depression to a Tropical Disturbance as the Low Level Circulation Center was exposed and located in an environment of moderate to strong vertical wind shear.[20] During the morning of January 24 the Tropical Disturbance was reupgraded to a Tropical Depression and assigned the Tropical Depression the designation of 07F.[21] Later that day the tropical depression reached its peak wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[22] Early the next day RSMC Nadi released their final Tropical Disturbance Summary as the Tropical Depression had lost all tropical characteristics.[23]

Tropical Cyclone Hettie

Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 24 – January 31
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
995 hPa (mbar)

On January 24, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 08F had developed within the monsoon trough and an area of minimal vertical windshear to the north of the Fijian dependency Rotuma.[3] During the next day the disturbance moved towards the southeast and developed into a tropical depression while it was located near Rotuma.[3] Over the next 3 days, the depression continued to move south-eastwards between Fiji and Tonga while intensifying slowly against stronger vertical windshear. before RSMC Nadi and the JTWC reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone during January 28.

Cyclone Hettie did not directly affect any inhabited land areas.[3]

Tropical Depression 09F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationFebruary 1 – February 5
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

On February 1, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 09F had developed within the monsoon trough about 575 km (355 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu.

Late on February 1, a Tropical disturbance formed about 645 km (401 mi) to the west of Vanuatu and was embedded in a monsoonal trough. It quickly organized itself and thus later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 09F. At this time the Low Level Circulation Center was exposed as strong vertical wind shear and deep convection was displaced to the north of Low Level Circulation Center. The next morning the JTWC reported that deep convection, was located over the western boundary, of the depression's low level circulation center. Strong shear also still existed over the system, with deep convection still being displaced to the north of the system. The next morning RSMC Nadi reported that the Low Level Circulation Center was obscured with indications of good inflow bands flowing into the depression from the north and west.

Early on February 5, RSMC Nadi issued its final advisory on the depression, as the systems low level circulation centre had become sheared and exposed.[24]

Tropical Cyclone Innis

Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 13 – February 18
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

On February 13, the FMS reported that Tropical Depression 10F had developed within an active convergence zone, about halfway between Fiji and Vanuatu.[3] Over the next two days, the system gradually developed further as it moved westwards, before it passed over Vanuatu during February 15, with hostile environmental conditions influencing the depression's chance of becoming a tropical cyclone.[3] As 10F left Vanuatu, the system turned towards the southwest and started to move towards New Caledonia, as outflow over the depression developed, while atmospheric convection started to wrap around the centre.[3][25] During February 16, as the system approached New Caledonia, the FMS issued their final advisory as future prospects of the system becoming a tropical cyclone, were being undermined by increasing vertical windshear and land interaction.[3][26] However, during the next day, the FMS resumed issuing advisories on the depression after it had crossed New Caledonia and moved into an area of low vertical windshear.[27] Later that day after the system had become a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale, the FMS named it Innis, while the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 15P.[3][28]

After a brief period of further development, both the JTWC and the FMS reported that Innis had peaked with sustained windspeeds of 75 km/h (45 mph), before vertical windshear over the system increased as an upper-level low encroached on Innis from the west.[3][29][30] Later that day the primary responsibility for warnings was passed to MetService, as the system moved below 25°S and into their area of responsibility.[3][31] Innis was subsequently declared an extratropical cyclone early on February 18, as it briefly moved into the Australian region and MetService issued their first warning.[3][32] The system was subsequently absorbed by a low that was moving between Australia and New Zealand, and had caused flooding within the Australian state of New South Wales.[33][34] There was no significant damage reported within New Caledonia, after Innis had affected the island and dropped over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rainfall.[35] During February 19–20, the low containing Innis remnants brought high winds, heavy rain and some minor flooding to several parts off New Zealand including from Auckland to Stewart Island.[36] The heaviest rain was recorded in Taranaki, Canterbury and Otago, while 1 indirect death was reported after a car rolled over near Opotiki.[36]

Tropical Cyclone Joni

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 10 – March 14
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

On March 10, the FMS reported that Tropical Depression 11F had developed out of an area of low pressure that had spun down from the upper levels of the troposphere, about 380 km (235 mi) to the northeast of Rarotonga in the Southern Cook Islands.[3][37] During the next day, shear decreased sufficiently to allow significant overall development. On the evening of the 11th, with the system moving into minimal shear, and outflow aloft becoming well-established, its probability of becoming a tropical cyclone in the next 12 hours was raised to high. At 111200 UTC, it was named Joni with 35 knots close to the centre and whilst located about 40 nautical miles west-northwest of Mangaia and about 70 miles east-southeast of Rarotonga. With favourable conditions, the cyclone continued to intensify and attained storm intensity 18 hours later. Joni reached peak intensity as it neared 25 South latitude, the Nadi and Wellington border. Wellington accepted primary responsibility for further warnings beginning at 130000 UTC as the cyclone moved into their area of responsibility. Joni remained a cyclone for another day before it was downgraded to a low. As Joni was a small and compact system only minimal impact was reported in the Southern Cook Islands while some heavy rainfall was reported in Mangaia.

Tropical Cyclone Ken

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 16 – March 19
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Early on March 16, a tropical disturbance formed to the south of a convergence zone which was located to the east of Palmerston Island, in the Cook Islands.[38] Early that afternoon the JTWC reported that the disturbances low level circulation centre had rapidly consolidated and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing system.[39] Later that day, RSMC Nadi reported that the disturbance had organised enough to be classified as Tropical Depression 12F.[40] Early the next morning, as the depression was moving towards the southeast, RSMC Nadi reported that outflow was good to the south of the depression and upgraded it to a Category 1 Cyclone, assigning the name Ken to the cyclone.[41] Later that day, the JTWC started to issue advisories on the storm and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 21P.[42]

Late on March 18, RSMC Nadi reported that Ken had reached its peak intensity with winds of 95 km/h (59 mph), which made it a Category 2 Cyclone.[43] RSMC Nadi then passed primary warning responsibility of Cyclone Ken to TCWC Wellington who, downgraded Ken to a Category 1 Cyclone early the next day.[43][44] Ken then re-intensified into a Category 2 Cyclone later that day;[45] however it was quickly downgraded to a Category 1 Cyclone within their next advisory[46] and then was declared extratropical by both TCWC Wellington[47] and the JTWC early on March 20.[48] As an extratropical cyclone, Ken reached 1-minute windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph).[49] TCWC Wellington then issued their final advisory early on March 22, as it moved out of their eastern area of responsibility and was tracked by the Bureau of Meteorology for three more days as it crossed the Antarctic Peninsula into the Weddell Sea.[50][51]

Tropical Cyclone Jasper

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 24 – March 25
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

During March 24, Cyclone Jasper moved into the South Pacific from the Australian region, while it at its peak intensity as a category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[3] At this time, convection erupted about the centre and well-corroborated by the corresponding microwave data which showed good and intense low-level circulation. Outflow over the system was good to the south but inhibited elsewhere. However, overnight, convection warmed considerably with shear tearing the cold tops to the south of the low-level centre. Later on the 25th, increasing shear and dry air entrainment caused its demise and was subsequently downgraded to a depression at 251200 UTC.

Flooding, triggered by heavy rains in northern New Caledonia, forced the evacuation of 25 families.[52] Rough seas produced by the storm caused beach erosion along the coastlines of New Caledonia. High winds caused localized structural damage and knocked down a few power lines, leaving some residents without power.[53]

Tropical Cyclone Lin

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 1 – April 6
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

During April 1, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 14F had developed within a monsoon trough to the north of Fiji.[3][54] During the following day, the system moved south-eastwards and developed into a tropical depression, while a shallow tropical disturbance developed within the monsoon trough to the south of Futuna.[3][55] 14F subsequently absorbed this shallow tropical disturbance, as it struggled to consolidate and organise to the north of Fiji, under the influence of vertical wind shear.[3] During April 3, the FMS reported that 14F had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone and named it Lin.[56] The JTWC subsequently initiated advisories on Lin and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 25P, while it was located about 382 km (235 mi) to the northwest of Nuku'alofa.[57] This was after atmospheric convection had developed over the systems low-level circulation centre and rapidly consolidated within favourable conditions.[57] During April 4, Lin intensified further within favourable conditions and was classified as a Category 2 tropical cyclone, as it moved southeastwards towards the Tongan island of Tongatapu.[3][58]

During the next day, after Lin had passed directly over Tongatapu, the FMS reported that the system had peaked with estimated 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph), while the JTWC estimated 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 100 km/h (60 mph).[3][59] During that day the cyclone weakened and started to transition into an extratropical cyclone, as it interacted with drier air and vertical wind shear surrounding the system increased.[60] This prompted the JTWC to issue their final warning on the system, before MetService declared it extratropical, as they took over the primary warning responsibility of Lin from the FMS.[60][3] MetService continued to track Lin's extratropical remnants for a couple of days, before they were last noted near 35°S 163°W during April 8.[3][61] There was no major damage reported within Fiji from Lin, while it brought storm-force winds, heavy rain and flooding to parts of Tonga.[62] Within Tonga, there were no reports of any casualties or structural damage, however, it did cause some damage to root crops, fruit bearing trees, gardens and power lines.[63][64] The Tonga Meteorological Service also sustained some damage to their guttering, as well as various pieces of meteorological equipment which was valued about T$ 2,000 (US$1000).[65]

Other systems

On December 1, the FMS reported that the first tropical disturbance of the season, had developed to the northeast of the Samoan Islands in an area of moderate vertical wind shear.[66] The system subsequently moved westwards, before it was last noted during the next day.[67][68] Tropical Disturbance 02F subsequently developed during December 3, to the northeast of Rarotonga in the Southern Cook Islands.[69] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-west, between Niue and the Southern Cook Islands and was classified as a tropical depression during December 4.[70]

The system was last noted during December 6, as it moved into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility and transitioned into a mid latitude low-pressure system within 12 hours.[71]

During December 10, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 03F had developed about 300 km (185 mi) to the northeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[72] However, the system had no definite low level circulation center, while atmospheric convection surrounding the system was confined to the north quadrant of the disturbance.[72] As a result, the system was last noted during the next day, with the FMS speculating that a cyclonic circulation to the northwest of 03F might have absorbed the disturbance.[73]

Tropical Disturbance 15F was first noted within a monsoon trough by the FMS on April 7, while it was thought to be located to the northeast of the Solomon Islands.[74][75] Atmospheric convection surrounding the disturbance was poorly organised, while it was reported to be hard to find the system's low-level circulation.[74][75] Over the next few days, the system moved south-westwards and remained poorly organised, before it was last noted by the FMS during April 10.[76]

Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2008–2009 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and or TCWC Wellington. The damage figures are all 2009 USD.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
01F December 1–2 Tropical disturbance Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
02F December 3–7 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Southern Cook Islands None None
03F December 10 Tropical depression Not specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) None None None
04F January 4–14 Tropical depression Not specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Vanuatu, Fiji $64.2 million 12
05F January 11–14 Tropical depression Not specified 999 hPa (29.50 inHg)
06F January 19–23 Tropical depression Not specified 1005 hPa (29.68 inHg) None None None
07F January 23–25 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
Hettie January 24–31 Category 1 tropical cyclone 65 km/h (40 mph) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) None None None [77]
09F February 1–5 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) New Caledonia Unknown Unknown
Innis February 13–18 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia Minimal 1 [77][35][36]
Joni March 10–14 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Cook Islands Minor Unknown [77]
Ken March 16–19 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Unknown None [77]
Jasper March 24–30 Category 2 tropical cyclone 100 km/h (60 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) New Caledonia Minimal None [77]
Lin March 31 – April 7 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Fiji, Tonga $920 None [77]
15F April 7–10 Tropical disturbance 35 km/h (20 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Season aggregates
15 systems December 1 – April 10 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) $64.2 million 13

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Average risk of tropical cyclones across the South Pacific" (Press release). National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research. September 26, 2008. Archived from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Tropical cyclone risk altered as La Niña back" (Press release). National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09 Season". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  4. ^ Climate Services Division (October 26, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  5. ^ "Marine Weather Bulletin December 3, 2008 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 3, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
  6. ^ a b "Tropical Disturbance Summary 03-12-08 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 3, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  7. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 04-12-08 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 4, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  8. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summuary 04-12-08 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 4, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  9. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summuary 06-12-08 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  10. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 04-01-2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  11. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 05-01-09 02z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  12. ^ Gary Padgett (April 6, 2009). "Gary Padgetts Monthly Tropical Cyclone Newsletter January 2009". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  13. ^ "Floods in Fiji kill 8; thousands seek shelter". Associated Press. January 12, 2008. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
  14. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 19, 2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 19, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  15. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 20, 2009 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 20, 2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  17. ^ "Marine Weather Bulletin 21-01-09 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  18. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 21, 2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  19. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 23, 2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  20. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 23-01-09 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  21. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 24-01-09 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 24, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  22. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 24-01-09 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 24, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  23. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 25-01-09 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 25, 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  24. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 5, 2008). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory February 5, 2008 00:00 UTC". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  25. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert February 15, 2009 21z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 15, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  26. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A4: February 16, 2009 20z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  27. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Advisory February 17, 2009 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. February 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  28. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Innis) Warning February 17, 2009 03z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  29. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 15P (Innis) best track analysis". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  30. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 15P (Innis) Warning February 17, 2009 15z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  31. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Advisory A8: February 17, 2009 20z". Fiji Meteorological Service. February 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  32. ^ "Gale Warning February 18, 2009 00z". MetService. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  33. ^ "Cyclone loses momentum: weatherman". Fiji Live. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  34. ^ "Heavy rain pounds the country". TVNZ. February 20, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  35. ^ a b Broucke, Benoit; Petermann, Eric (April 6, 2010). Review of the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 Cyclone Seasons (New Caledonia Country Report 2008–2010). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  36. ^ a b c "February 2009 New Zealand Ex-tropical Cyclone Innis" (New Zealand Historic Weather Events Catalog). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. August 9, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  37. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 11, 2009). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory March 11, 2009 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  38. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 16-03-2009 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  39. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 16-03-2009". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 16, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  40. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 16-03-2009 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  41. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Advisory 17-03-2009 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  42. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 21P Advisory One". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  43. ^ a b Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (March 18, 2009). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory 18-03-2009 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 5, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  44. ^ "Gale Warning 359". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  45. ^ "Gale Warning 370". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  46. ^ "Gale Warning 375". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  47. ^ "Gale Warning 380". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  48. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 21P Advisory One". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  49. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 2009). "Tropical Cyclone 21P Best Track". United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  50. ^ "Gale Warning 427". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. March 22, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  51. ^ Gary Padgett. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  52. ^ Staff Writer (March 27, 2009). "Cyclone Jasper Douses New Caledonia". Earth Environment Service. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  53. ^ Kevin Vang (March 25, 2009). "Cyclone Jasper Continues to Weaken off New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie); Moving away from the Territory". Asia-Pacific Disaster Alerts. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  54. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary April 1, 2009 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  55. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory April 3, 2009 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 3, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  56. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory April 3, 2009 18z CCA (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 3, 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  57. ^ a b Tropical Cyclone 25P (Lin) Warning 1 April 4, 2009 00z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  58. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory April 4, 2009 06z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 4, 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  59. ^ "2009 Tropical Cyclone (Storm) LIN (2009092S15178)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  60. ^ a b Tropical Cyclone 25P (Lin) Warning 4 April 5, 2009 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  61. ^ Gale warning 194 April 8, 2009 00z (Report). New Zealand MetService. April 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  62. ^ Fiji Annual Climate Summary 2009 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. July 26, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  63. ^ "Cyclone Lin leaves trail of broken power lines". Matangi Tonga Online. April 6, 2009. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  64. ^ "Tonga takes a hit from Tropical Cyclone Lin". Radio Australia. April 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  65. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Lin" (PDF). Tonga Meteorological Service. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  66. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 1, 2008). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 1, 2008 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  67. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 1, 2008). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 2, 2008 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  68. ^ Padgett, Gary; Boyle, Kevin (February 13, 2009). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: December 2008". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  69. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 3, 2008). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 3, 2008 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  70. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 4, 2008). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 4, 2008 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  71. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 06-12-08 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  72. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summuary December 10, 2008 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  73. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary December 11, 2008 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  74. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary April 7, 2009 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 7, 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  75. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary April 8, 2009 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 8, 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  76. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summuary April 11, 2009 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  77. ^ a b c d e f RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (October 28, 2008). "2008/2009 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook" (PDF) (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_South_Pacific_cyclone_season