Öğündük, İdil
Öğündük | |
|---|---|
 Village | |
  Öğündük Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 37°20′17″N 41°44′46″E / 37.338°N 41.746°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Şırnak |
| District | İdil |
| Population (2021)[1] | 367 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Öğündük (Arabic: مدو; Syriac: ܡܝܕܘܢ, romanized: Midun)[2][a] is a village in the İdil District of Şırnak Province in Turkey.[5] The village is populated by Assyrians and had a population of 367 in 2021.[1][6] It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.[7]
In the village, there is a church of Mar Jacob Malphono.[8]
History
Midun (today called Öğündük) was probably named after the nearby Roman border fort of Mindon along the frontier with the Sasanian Empire in the Melabas Hills of Tur Abdin.[9][b] The efforts of the Roman general Belisarius to construct the fort in 528 prompted a battle in which the Romans were defeated as per Procopius' History of the Wars.[10] It was attacked by Bakhti Kurds in 1453 alongside the neighbouring villages of Beth Sbirino, Bēth Isḥaq, and Araban, according to the account of the priest Addai of Basibrina in c. 1500 appended to the Chronography of Bar Hebraeus.[11] Bakhti Kurds attacked Midun, as well as the villages of Bēth Isḥaq and Araban, again in 1457 and many of the villagers, including the priests Behnam and Malke, were killed.[12]
It was looted by the emir Bidayn in 1714.[13] The village was visited by Reverend George Percy Badger in December 1850 and noted it was served by one church and two priests, but it did not have a school.[14] The Kurdish rebel Yezdanşêr attacked and looted the village in 1855.[15] The Swiss orientalist Albert Socin noted that he was offered Assyrian cylinder seals at Midun in 1870.[16] After the Hamidian massacres in the 1890s, Armenian refugees from Palu settled a section of the village called Sanhatkar.[17] Midun was visited by the English traveller Mark Sykes in the early 20th century.[18]
In 1914, Midun was inhabited by 1500 Assyrians, according to the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation.[19] It was located in the kaza of Midyat.[19] There were 150 or 500 Assyrian families in 1915 with thirty-one different clans and ten churches.[20] They belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Church.[21] Amidst the Sayfo, the village was surrounded and repeatedly attacked by neighbouring Kurdish tribes for a week.[22] Although the Kurdish attacks were repulsed, the villagers opted to take refuge at nearby Beth Sbirino as Midun's location in the plains left it vulnerable.[22] A number of villagers were killed as they travelled to Beth Sbirino; consequently, Kurds of the Domanan tribe seized their homes and settled at Midun.[22] With the help of Chelebi Agha, some villagers were able to return after the war and came under the patronage of the Domanan tribe.[23]
In 1960, there were 873 residents.[4] 1000 Christians in 140 families inhabited Midun in 1966 and spoke both Turoyo and Kurdish.[4] A significant number of the village's Assyrian population emigrated to Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium in the late 20th century.[24] By 1987, there were 80 Assyrian families.[25] In 1999, it was inhabited by 50 Assyrian families.[24] In 2007, 257 Assyrians in 50 families populated Midun.[24]
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Carlson, Thomas A. (9 December 2016). "Midun — ܡܝܕܘܢ". The Syriac Gazetteer. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Barsoum (2003), p. 559; Barsoum (2008), p. 133; Jongerden & Verheij (2012), pp. 246, 323; Radner (2006), p. 299; Ritter (1967), p. 13; Keser-Kayaalp (2022), p. 17.
- ^ a b c Ritter (1967), p. 13.
- ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Tan (2018), p. 159.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 16.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 17.
- ^ Palmer (1990), p. 5.
- ^ a b Lillington-Martin (2012), pp. 4–5.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 70.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 71.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 133.
- ^ Badger (1852), p. 57.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 131.
- ^ Radner (2006), p. 299.
- ^ Jongerden & Verheij (2012), p. 249.
- ^ Sykes (1915), pp. 355–356.
- ^ a b Gaunt (2006), p. 427.
- ^ Gaunt (2006), p. 239; Baz (2016), p. 473; Tan (2018), p. 159; Courtois (2004), p. 226.
- ^ Jongerden & Verheij (2012), p. 323.
- ^ a b c Gaunt (2006), p. 239.
- ^ Gaunt (2006), p. 239; Baz (2016), p. 473; Tan (2018), p. 159.
- ^ a b c Courtois (2013), p. 147.
- ^ Courtois (2004), p. 226.
Bibliography
- Badger, George Percy (1852). The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries in 1850; Also, Researches Into the Present Condition of the Syrian Jacobites, Papal Syrians, and Chaldeans, and an Inquiry Into the Religious Tenets of the Yezeedees. Vol. 1. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). The History of Tur Abdin. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- Baz, Ibrahim (2016). Şırnak aşiretleri ve kültürü (in Turkish). p. 473. ISBN 9786058849631.
- Courtois, Sébastien de (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, The Last Arameans. Translated by Vincent Aurora. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
- Courtois, Sébastien de (2013). "Tur Abdin : Réflexions sur l'état présent descommunautés syriaques du Sud-Est de la Turquie, mémoire, exils, retours". Cahier du Gremmamo (in French). 21: 113–150.
- Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
- Keser-Kayaalp, Elif, ed. (January 2022). Syriac Architectural Heritage at Risk in TurʿAbdin (PDF). Retrieved 8 November 2024.
- Lillington-Martin, Chris (2012). "Hard and Soft Power on the Eastern Frontier: a Roman Fortlet between Dara and Nisibis, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Prokopios' Mindouos?" (PDF). The Byzantinist (2): 4–5. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- Palmer, Andrew (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- Radner, Karen (2006). "How to reach the Upper Tigris: The route through the Tur Abdin" (PDF). State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 15: 273–305. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- Ritter, Hellmut (1967). Turoyo: Die Volkssprache der Syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin (in German). Vol. 1. Franz Steiner Verlag.
- Sykes, Mark (1915). The Caliphs' Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). Pak Ajans Yayincilik Turizm Ve Diş Ticaret Limited şirketi. p. 159. ISBN 9789944360944.