Toynbee is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Arnold Toynbee (1852–1883), British economic historian
• Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975), British historian
• Geoffrey Toynbee (1885–1914), English cricketer
• Henry Toynbee (1819–1909), British merchant sailor and meteorologist
• Jocelyn Toynbee (1897–1985), British archaeologist and art historian
• Joseph Toynbee (1815–1866), British physician, pioneer of otolaryngology
• Matthew Toynbee (born 1956), New Zealand cricketer
• Paget Toynbee (1855–1932), British Dante scholar
• Philip Toynbee (1916–1981), British writer
• Polly Toynbee (born 1946), British journalist and writer

• Toynbee Hall, a settlement in London inspired by and named in honour of Arnold Toynbee
• The Toynbee Convector, a time-travel story by Ray Bradbury, vaguely based on the philosophy of Arnold Joseph Toynbee
• Toynbee's law of challenge and response, after Arnold J. Toynbee.
• Toynbee tiles, mysterious tiles embedded in the streets of a number of US and South American cities
• The X-Men character Toad, whose 'real name' is Mortimer Toynbee