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1934 Nobel Prize in Literature

1934 Nobel Prize in Literature
Luigi Pirandello
"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art."
Date
  • 8 November 1934 (announcement)
  • 10 December 1934
    (ceremony)
LocationStockholm, Sweden
Presented bySwedish Academy
First awarded1901
WebsiteOfficial website
← 1933 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1935 →

The 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Italian dramatist Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936) "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art".[1] He is the third Italian recipient of the said prize.[2]

Laureate

Main article: Luigi Pirandello

Luigi Pirandello was an Italian playwright, prose writer and poet. Pirandello wrote more than 100 short stories, 40 plays and seven novels, including The Late Mattia Pascal (1904). Regarded as a major figure in 20th-century theatre, his plays explore psychology, the ego and identity issues and paved the way for absurd theatre in the 1950s. Pirandello's first major play Right You Are (if You Think You Are) (1917) explored his lifelong subject of the relativity of truth. In the experimental metaplay Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) Pirandello contrasted art and life. It was followed by the tragedy Henry IV (1922). Other plays include Each in His Own Way (1924) and Tonight We Improvise (1930).[3][4]

Nominations

Luigi Pirandello had not been nominated for the prize before 1934, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.[5] He was nominated only by 1909 Nobel laureate in Physics Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), who serves as the President of Arts Class at the Royal Academy of Italy.[6]

Other nominated authors in 1934 included António Correia de Oliveira, Eugene O'Neill (awarded in 1936), Roger Martin du Gard (awarded in 1937), Frans Eemil Sillanpää (awarded in 1939), Johannes V. Jensen (awarded in 1944), Karel Capek, Kostis Palamas, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Francisco García Calderón, Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício, Olav Duun and Upton Sinclair.[7]

The authors Mary Hunter Austin, Hermann Bahr, Safvet-beg Bašagić, Andrei Bely, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică, Edward Bullough, Roger Fry, John Gray, Thomas Anstey Guthrie, Julian Hawthorne, Naitō Konan, Gustave Lanson, Julia Lopes de Almeida, Ferenc Móra, Erich Mühsam, Arthur Wing Pinero, Thorne Smith, Jakob Wassermann, Brand Whitlock and Paul Zarifopol died in 1934 without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s)
1 Joseph Bédier (1864–1938)  France history, literary criticism, essays Henrik Schück (1855–1947)
2 Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873–1934)  Israel poetry, short story, essays Joseph Klausner (1874–1958)
3 António Correia de Oliveira (1878–1960)  Portugal poetry
4 Karel Čapek (1890–1938)  Czechoslovakia drama, novel, short story, essays, literary criticism Several professors from Prague
5 Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício (1884–1947)  Portugal poetry, essays
  • António Pereira Forjaz (1893–1972)
  • Bento Carqueja (1860–1935)
6 Olav Duun (1876–1939)  Norway novel, short story
7 Manuel Gálvez (1882–1962)  Argentina novel, poetry, drama, essays, history, biography Leopoldo Díaz (1862–1947)
8 Francisco García Calderón Rey (1883–1953)  Peru drama, essays, philosophy
9 Ventura García Calderón (1886–1959)  Peru novel, short story, drama, poetry, essays
10 Franz Karl Ginzkey (1871–1963)  Austria novel, short story, poetry, essays Austrian Academy of Sciences[c]
11 Bertel Gripenberg (1878–1947)  Finland
 Sweden 		poetry, drama, essays Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)[d]
12 Ole Hallesby (1879–1961)  Norway theology, essays Olai Skulerud (1881–1963)[e]
13 Jarl Hemmer (1893–1944)  Finland poetry, novel Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)[d]
14 Hans Henrik Holm (1896–1980)  Norway poetry, essays Alexander Seippel (1851–1938)
15 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950)  Denmark novel, short story, poetry Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen (1881–1977)
16 Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer (1878–1962)  Austria novel, short story, poetry, drama members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences[f]
17 Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958)  France novel, drama, memoir Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941)
18 Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968)  Spain philology, history Per Hallström (1866–1960)
19 Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1865–1941)  Soviet Union novel, essays, poetry, drama Sigurd Agrell (1881–1937)
20 Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953)  United States drama Martin Lamm (1880–1950)
21 Kostis Palamas (1859–1943)  Greece poetry, essays
  • Frederik Poulsen (1876–1950)
  • Harry Fett (1875–1962)
22 Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936)  Italy drama, novel, short story, poetry Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)
23 Ramón Pérez de Ayala (1880–1962)  Spain novel, poetry, literary criticism Professors of Spanish literature[g]
24 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)  India philosophy, essays, law Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953)
25 Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869–1935)  United States poetry, drama Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953)
26 Ernest Roguin (1851–1939)   Switzerland law, essays Edmond Rossier (1865–1945)
27 Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968)  France poetry, essays Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941)
28 Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964)  Finland novel, short story, poetry
29 Upton Sinclair (1878–1968)  United States novel, short story, drama, autobiography, essays
30 Hermann Stehr (1864–1940)  Nazi Germany novel, short story, poetry, drama Hermann August Korff (1882–1963)
31 Ewald Sundberg (1886–1967)  Norway essays Olai Skulerud (1881–1963)[e]
32 Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński (1859–1944)  Poland philology, history, translation, essays 6 professors of the University of Warsaw

Notes

  1. ^ A large number of nominations were made by prominent people and authors (whose eligibility to make nominations was indeterminable) in Lima, Peru.
  2. ^ a b 15 nominations were made by Latino-American authors living in France and French authors with interests and functions related to Hispanic-American Literature (écrivains Latino-Américains résidant en France et écrivains français rattachés par leurs sympathies et leurs fonctions aux lettres hispano-américaines). L. Bertrand and G. Dumas are included in the 15 nominations.
  3. ^ Several other literary societies in Vienna, Austria.
  4. ^ a b c Verner von Heidenstam suggests that the Prize be awarded with one half to either B. Gripenberg or J. Hemmer, and the other half to F. Sillanpää.
  5. ^ a b E. Sundberg was O. Skulerud's second choice, if O. Hallesby was not eligible as a candidate.
  6. ^ E. Kolbenheyer was also nominated by professors from the University in Vienna, Austria, several of whom were eligible to make a nomination, based on the area of their professorships.
  7. ^ Professors of Spanish literature at universities in London, Dublin, Paris and the universities of Cambridge and Oxford.

Award ceremony speech

At the award ceremony on 10 December 1934, Per Hallström, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy said:

"The most remarkable feature of Pirandello’s art is his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre. Usually the theatre requires human stereotypes; here the spirit is like a shadow, obscurity behind obscurity, and one cannot decide what is more or less central inside. Finally one racks his brains, for there is no centre. Everything is relative, nothing can be grasped completely, and yet the plays can sometimes seize, captivate, and charm even the great international public. This result is wholly paradoxical. As the author himself explained, it depends on the fact that his works «arise out of images taken from life which have passed through a filter of ideas and which hold me completely captive». It is the image which is fundamental, not, as many have believed, the abstract idea disguised afterwards by an image."[8]

References

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934". nobelprize.org.
  2. ^ "Luigi Pirandello wins Nobel Prize; Italian Playwright's General Contribution to Literature Is Basis of Award". The New York Times. 9 November 1934.
  3. ^ "Luigi Pirandello summary". britannica.com.
  4. ^ "Luigi Pirandello - Facts". nobelprize.org.
  5. ^ "Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901-1950" (in Swedish). Svenska Akademien.
  6. ^ "Nomination archive Luigi Pirandello". nobelprize.org.
  7. ^ "Nomination archive 1934". nobelprize.org.>
  8. ^ "Award ceremony speech". nobelprize.org.
Quelle: Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature