Yashovarman of Malwa
| Yashovarman | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maharaja | |||||
| King of Malwa | |||||
| Reign | c. 1133 – c. 1142 CE | ||||
| Predecessor | Naravarman | ||||
| Successor | Jayavarman I | ||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Paramara | ||||
| Father | Naravarman | ||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||
Yashovarman (IAST: Yaśovarman; reigned c. 1133–1142 CE) was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty, who ruled in the Malwa region of central India. He was defeated and imprisoned by the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja, and appears to have ruled as a Chaulukya subordinate after 1134 CE.
Early life
Yashovarman succeeded his father Naravarman. His 1135 CE Ujjain inscription mentions him as Maharaja Yashovarma-deva. This Sanskrit-language inscription records the grant of a village.[1]
By 1134, the Chandela king Madanavarman had seized the eastern parts of the Paramara kingdom, along the Betwa River, as attested by his Augasi grant inscription. On the western frontier, Yashovarman suffered a defeat against the Chaulukya king Jayasimha alias Siddharaja.[2]
Defeat against Jayasimha Siddharaja
Multiple sources, including chronicles and inscriptions, prove that Yashovarman was defeated by Jayasimha, the Chaulukya king of Gujarat. Some chronicles also suggest that it was Yashovarman's father Naravarman who was defeated by Jayasimha. It appears that the Chaulukya-Paramara war began during the reign of Naravarman, and ended during Yashovarman's reign.[4]
According to the contemporary Chaulukya courtier Hemachandra, Jayasimha invaded the Paramara kingdom because he wanted to visit the holy city of Ujjain.[5] Prabandha-Chintamani by the 14th century author Merutunga mentions a different cause for the war. According to Merutunga, Yashovarman invaded the Chaulukya capital when Jayasimha was away on a pilgrimage, and Jayasimha invaded the Paramara capital Dhara in response.[6] Merutunga's account does not seem credible, because the Paramaras were too weak at this time to invade the powerful Chaulukya kingdom.[7]
The 1139 CE Dahod inscription states that Jayasimha imprisoned the king of Malava (the Paramara territory),[2] an assertion supported by Hemachandra.[8] As a result of this defeat, a large part of the Paramara kingdom, including its capital Dhara, came under Chaulukya rule. Jaysimha appointed Mahadeva as the governor of Avanti-mandala (Malava).[9] The Chaulukya king also adopted the title Avanti-natha ("Lord of Avanti"), as attested by his 1137 CE Gala inscription.[2]
In an 1134 CE (1191 VS) inscription, Yashovaraman is titled Maharajadhiraja ("great king of kings"). However, in a 1135 CE inscription, he assumes the lower-status title Maharaja ("great king"). This indicates that he lost his status as a sovereign sometime during this period. It is not certain if this was because of Jayasimha's invasion or some other cause.[4] Possibly, he was released by Jayasimha, and ruled a part of his former kingdom as a Chaulukya subordinate.[2]
Dhara and Ujjain remained under Chaulukya control during 1136-1143 CE.[9]
Last days
An inscription discovered at Jhalrapatan mentions Maharaja Yashovarman. The last digit of the year in which the inscription was issued is not clear, but it has been conjecturally dated to 1199 VS, that is, 1142 CE. If this date is correct, and if the ruler mentioned in the inscription is same as the Paramara king (an assertion doubted by some historians), it appears that he ruled until the early 1140s, possibly as a Chaulukya vassal.[9][2] The find spot of the inscription suggests that he ruled a small principality in the lower Kali Sindhu valley.[6]
Yashovarman was succeeded by Jayavarman I, who managed to regain control of Dhara, or at least a part of the former Paramara territory.[2]
References
- ^ H. V. Trivedi 1991, pp. 126–128.
- ^ a b c d e f Arvind K. Singh 2012, p. 22.
- ^ O. P. Misra 2003, p. 12.
- ^ a b A. K. Majumdar 1956, p. 75.
- ^ A. K. Majumdar 1956, p. 72.
- ^ a b K. L. Hazra 1995, p. 209.
- ^ A. K. Majumdar 1956, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Pratipal Bhatia 1970, p. 122.
- ^ a b c K. C. Jain 1972, p. 362.
Bibliography
- A. K. Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 4413150.
- Arvind K. Singh (2012). "Interpreting the History of the Paramāras". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 22 (1): 13–28. JSTOR 41490371.
- Harihar Vitthal Trivedi (1991). Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties. Archaeological Survey of India. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1451755.
- K. C. Jain (1972). Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
- K. L. Hazra (1995). The Rise And Decline Of Buddhism In India. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0651-9.
- O. P. Misra (2003). Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Mittal. ISBN 978-81-7099-874-7.
- Pratipal Bhatia (1970). The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. Munshiram Manoharlal.