Eisspeedway

Gazeta Wyborcza

Gazeta Wyborcza
Nie ma wolności bez solidarności[1]
("There Is No Freedom without Solidarity")
Headquarters of Agora, the publisher of Gazeta Wyborcza in Warsaw
TypeDaily newspaper
FormatCompact
Founder(s)
  • Adam Michnik
  • Helena Łuczywo
  • Piotr Niemczycki
  • Juliusz Rawicz
  • Ernest Skalski
PublisherAgora
Editor-in-chiefAdam Michnik
Deputy editorJarosław Kurski
Associate editor
  • Mikołaj Chrzan
  • Roman Imielski
  • Aleksandra Sobczak
  • Piotr Stasiński
  • Bartosz T. Wieliński[2]
Managing editorWojciech Bartkowiak[3]
Founded8 May 1989; 35 years ago (1989-05-08)
Political alignmentLiberalism[4][5][6][7]
LanguagePolish
HeadquartersWarsaw
CityWarsaw
CountryPoland
Circulation42,388 (Print, March 2023)[8]
218,000[9] (Digital, 2019)
ISSN0860-908X
Websitewyborcza.pl

Gazeta Wyborcza (Polish pronunciation: [ɡaˈzɛta vɨˈbɔrtʂa]; The Electoral Gazette in English) is a Polish nationwide daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It was launched on 8 May 1989 on the basis of the Polish Round Table Agreement and as a press organ of the trade union "Solidarity" in the election campaign before the Contract Sejm.[10][11] Initially created to cover Poland's first partially free parliamentary elections, it rapidly grew into a major publication, reaching a circulation of over 500,000 copies at its peak in the 1990s.

It is published by Agora, with its original editor-in-chief Adam Michnik,[12][13] appointed by Lech Wałęsa,[14] Gazeta Wyborcza is one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the gamut of political, international and general news from a liberal perspective.[15][16][17] Gazeta Wyborcza also publishes thematic supplements addressing topics such as economy, law, education, and health, including Duży Format, Co Jest Grane 24, and Wysokie Obcasy.

Since its founding, Gazeta Wyborcza's investigative journalism has played a key role in shaping the Polish public opinion, such as its coverage of the Rywin affair, the Skin Hunters scandal in 2002, and the PKN Orlen scandal in 2004. In recent years, Gazeta Wyborcza has emerged as a leading liberal voice on issues like the separation of church and state and civil liberties, including women's rights and LGBT rights, which has sometimes resulted in conflicts with Poland's conservative PiS-led government (which was in power between 2015 and 2023). As of June 2022, Gazeta Wyborcza had over 290,000 digital subscribers,[18] and 80,000 print sales.[19] In 2020, Gazeta Wyborcza was the 10th most read newspaper in Europe.[20]

History and profile

Founding

Gazeta Wyborcza was established in accordance with the arrangements of the Round Table,[21][22] as a press organ of the Solidarity Civic Committee in the election campaign before the parliamentary elections in 1989.[23] Initially, the daily was to be called Gazeta Codzienna, and the adjective "election" was to function only during the election campaign. The first eight-page issue was published on 8 May 1989, in a circulation of 150,000 copies.[24]

Gazeta Wyborcza was first published on 8 May 1989,[25] under the rhyming masthead motto, "Nie ma wolności bez Solidarności" ("There's no freedom without Solidarity"). The founders were Andrzej Wajda, Aleksander Paszyński and Zbigniew Bujak.[26] Its founding was an outcome of the Polish Round Table Agreement between the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland and political opponents centred on the Solidarity movement. It was initially owned by Agora SA.[27] Later the American company Cox Communications partially bought the daily.[27]

The paper was to serve as the voice of the Solidarity movement during the run-up to the 1989 parliamentary elections (hence its title). As such, it was the first legal newspaper published outside the government's control since its founding of regime in the late 1940s.

It was prepared by 20 journalists, most previously associated with the underground weekly Tygodnik Mazowsze. Michnik convinced Wałęsa to name him the editor-in-chief.[24][28] Helena Łuczywo and Ernest Skalski became Michnik's deputies.[24] The first editorial office was located in a former kindergarten in Mokotów.[29]

According to the editors, the first edition was small (150,000 copies) and relatively expensive due to the limited supplies of paper made available by the government. A year and a half later, the daily run had reached 500,000 copies. In September 1990, during the breakup of the Solidarity camp following the collapse of the communist government, Wałęsa revoked the paper's right to use the Solidarity logo on its masthead.[30] Since then, the Gazeta Wyborcza has been an independent newspaper broadly aligned with the centre-left and liberal position.[31]

Adam Michnik in 1991.

After the Round Table talks during the presidential crisis, on 3 July 1989, an article by Michnik, with the headline: "Your president, our prime minister," where he opted for the election of the president on the recommendation of the Polish United Workers' Party and at the same time entrusting the mission of forming a government to a representative of the "Solidarity,"[32] postulating "an alliance of the democratic opposition with the reformist wing of the ruling camp." This proposal is currently interpreted as a proof of sensing the aspirations of the Solidarity camp to take over more power than was agreed at the Round Table,[33] but officially met with opposition.[24] Nevertheless, it was actually implemented: while Wojciech Jaruzelski, the current First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party, took over the position of president, the opposition, thanks to the votes of former allies of the communist party, formed the first non-communist government in Eastern Europe with Tadeusz Mazowiecki as prime minister.[34][35]

From the second half of 1989, the environment concentrated in the editorial office of Wyborcza sympathized with the government of Tadeusz Mazowiecki , and at the same time was in conflict with the representatives of Tygodnik Solidarność.[24] These antagonisms correlated with the political conflict known as the "War on the Mountain", during which Wałęsa allied himself with the Civic Committee faction represented by the brothers Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński against Mazowiecki.[32][36] Adam Michnik supported the Prime Minister's environment, as a result of which, in September 1990, the National Commission of "Solidarity" adopted a resolution aimed at taking away Wyborcza the right to place the "Solidarity" stamp on the vignette. It was argued that "the bias of articles aimed at discrediting and ridiculing the chairman of Lech Wałęsa" and explaining that "Gazeta is not an information organ of "S", but a private company."

At that time, Tygodnik Solidarność, whose editor-in-chief at the time was Jarosław Kaczyński,[37] published columns by columnists such as Romuald Szeremietiew,[38] who accused the newspaper of manipulating information, including concealing events . As a result, the daily lost the right to use the union's logo and the slogan "There is no freedom without Solidarity". In addition, Wałęsa demanded the dismissal of Michnik (since July 1990 belonging to the Movement of Citizens, Democratic Action party ) from the post of editor-in-chief. Michnik resigned, but his resignation was not accepted by the members of the editorial office, and therefore he remained in office.[24] A group of former oppositionists associated with Lech Wałęsa left the editorial office, which was the result of a dispute within the editorial office with a group of post-Solidarity circles representing different views.[39]

Controversies

In the following years, Wyborcza's publications contributed to the disclosure of socio-political events in Poland. The daily began a journalistic investigation into the 1997 "gelatin scandal," a monopoly scam which included an entrepreneur Kazimierz Grabek.[40]

Rywin affair

Main article: Rywin affair

On 27 December 2002, Wyborcza published an article "An act for a bribe. Rywin comes to Michnik," related to an attempt to bribe the editor-in-chief of the newspaper by the film producer Lew Rywin. The aim of Rywin's actions, who presented himself as a representative of the "group holding power", was to persuade Michnik to support the law prepared by the ruling Alliance of the Democratic Left, preventing the expansion of media companies to electronic media.[41] Smoleński's article initiated the Rywin affair, which resulted in the appointment of a parliamentary investigative commission.[24] Together with other corruption scandals plaguing the country, the Rywin affair plunged the government of Leszek Miller,[42][43] but Michnik himself—also screened by the commission in terms of business connections with Agora—met with a wave of criticism from other media.[44]

In 2003, a Polish film producer Lew Rywin was accused by Gazeta Wyborcza of attempted bribery after he had allegedly solicited a bribe of $17.5 million from the editor Adam Michnik in exchange for amendments to a draft media legislation. The adoption of the draft law in the government's original form would have prevented Agora S.A. from purchasing Polsat, one of Poland's private TV stations. The case, dubbed the Rywin affair, led to an official inquiry by the Polish Parliament. Consequently, Lew Rywin was sentenced for attempting to influence the parliamentary legislative process aimed at enabling a Polish media company to buy a television station. The controversial draft legislation ended up being rejected by the Polish parliament.

Other major reports

A newspaper article from 23 January 2002 revealed an affair regarding the killing of patients by the employees of the Lodz ambulance service and the sale of information about deaths to funeral parlors.[45]

An April 2004 report revealed irregularities related to the detention by the State Protection Office of the president of PKN Orlen, Andrzej Modrzejewski, and depriving him of his position in February 2002, initiating the Orlen scandal. The parliamentary investigative committee showed unclear interests in the then attempted privatization of Orlen,[46] and Zbigniew Siemiątkowski, the head of the UOP responsible for arresting Modrzejewski, was convicted by a final judgment for abuse of power.[47]

As a result of the article from 4 December 2006 entitled "Work for sex in Self-Defense," another political and moral scandal called the sex scandal broke out. Kącki revealed that Andrzej Lepper, president of the Samoobrona RP party and incumbent deputy prime minister, allegedly employed young women in party offices in exchange for sex.[48]

Criticism

Gazeta Wyborcza used its influence to whitewash former communists, particularly General Jaruzelski.[49] After the fall of real socialism, the paper was criticized for taking part in an "intensive propaganda campaign" and particularly for rigorously trying to revamp Jaruzelski's image.[50]

Circulation

The plaque in the lobby of Gazeta Wyborcza commemorating the first front page of May 8, 1989, with a picture of Lech Wałęsa rooting for the pivotal election.

The paper is a multi-section daily newspaper and it publishes daily local editions for the following cities: Warsaw, Białystok, Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Gdańsk, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Katowice, Kraków, Kielce, Lublin, Łódź, Olsztyn, Opole, Płock, Poznań, Radom, Rzeszów, Szczecin, Toruń, Wrocław, and Zielona Góra.

The Gazeta Wyborcza had a circulation of 432,000 copies during the first three quarters of 1998.[51] The circulation of the paper reached 459,473 copies between January and February 2001.[52] Its circulation was 542,000 copies in 2003, making it the second best selling newspaper in the country.[53] The 2004 circulation of the paper was 516,000 copies on weekdays and 686,000 copies on weekends.[25] The average circulation of the newspaper peaked at 672,000, making the Gazeta Wyborcza the largest-selling newspaper in Poland. However, by 2010 the circulation had declined by more than half, to 319,000, and Fakt overtook the Gazeta Wyborcza as Poland's leading newspaper. The decline continued in 2013 when circulation was down to 190,000.[54] At this time, Wyborcza began to invest more in its electronic version, and launched a subscription service. Paper circulation dropped to 86,000 in 2019,[55] and stabilised at 81,000 in early 2020.[56] As of January 2021, average daily circulation is 62,000.[57] In August 2021, average daily circulation dropped to 53,190.[58]

Changing the operating mode

In September 2020, the office space occupied by the editorial office at ul. Czerska in Warsaw has decreased by 40%, because the journalists of the newspaper and its website work outside the office: the employees of the paper edition can work homework, and most of the journalists and editors of the website work remotely.[59]

Sections

Front page in April 2006, with a headline announcing the minority cabinet of Jarosław Kaczyński.

Gazeta Wyborcza is divided into several sections. On the other side of the diary there is a collection of columns written by people associated with the magazine's editorial office, entitled "On the other side". The following sections are arranged according to the topics covered:

  • The Country and World sections apply to news coming from Poland and abroad, respectively.
  • The Welcome to Poland section contains reports on social issues.
  • The Opinions section is a collection of journalistic articles written by editorial staff and external experts.
  • The Culture section is devoted to cultural events, interviews with artists and observations on a selected cultural field.
  • The Science section consists of articles summarizing the latest scientific research in a journalistic form.
  • The Sports section describes the latest sports events.

Almost every issue of "Gazeta Wyborcza" contains additional content appearing as part of thematic weeklies. They are: "Large Format", "Ale Historia", "My Business. People, work, innovations", "Wyborcza TV", "Co Jest Grane 24", "Magazyn Świąteczny" and "Wysokie Obcasy".

"Duży Format" is a magazine of reporters of "Gazeta Wyborcza". It is published on Mondays. Reports, social, cultural and historical texts are published.

On Tuesdays, “Mój Biznes. People, work, innovations" devoted to companies, entrepreneurship and innovations in the economy, as well as presenting nationwide and regional announcements from industries.

The Friday supplements of "Gazeta Wyborcza" are: "Wyborcza TV" - a weekly with programs of Polish and foreign stations, which additionally presents interviews with TV creators and regular columns, as well as "Co Jest Grane 24" - a magazine announcing the cultural events of the weekend and the coming week, whose editors write about film and theater premieres, concerts, exhibitions and present recommended restaurants and clubs.

Every Saturday, "Gazeta Wyborcza" publishes: "Wolna Sobota" - an opinion magazine in which readers will find 40 pages of reading, presenting various worldviews and worlds as well as controversial hypotheses; "Ale Historia" - a historical weekly where its editors reach previously unknown facts, present unique places and people, works of art and cultural events; "Wysokie Obcasy" - a women's magazine that deals with everyday and extraordinary matters, and also publishes portraits of women not necessarily known from the front pages of newspapers.

Print style

Gazeta Wyborcza is published in a five-column block format, which was adopted at the beginning of the daily's existence. The magazine is printed in color on white paper, and its cover exposes the most important subject of the day in the form of a large headline. The current style of the daily is based on the change made on 7 March 2006, when its graphic design was updated, taken over from Agora's closed daily Nowy Dzien. The primary typeface used in the articles is of the Tribune type, designed by the Boston-based company Font Bureau.[60]

Online presence

Gazeta Wyborcza editorial office in Warsaw

For the first time, content from supplements to Gazeta Wyborcza was made available by Agora on the Internet in 1994.[61] The first archived pages of the magazine's information website come from December 1996 (located in the gazeta.pl domain[62]), and from May 2001 (located in the Wyborcza.pl domain).[63] As early as 2001, the website functioning in the gazeta.pl domain, initially being the Internet version of Wyborcza , was transformed into a separate informational Internet portal . In 2006, a separate website, gazetawyborcza.pl, was separated from the Gazeta.pl portal, being an electronic version of Gazeta Wyborcza.[64] Currently, the website operates in the Wyborcza.pl domain, functioning as the name of the website. The first editor-in-chief of the website was Edward Krzemień. The Wyborcza.pl website publishes articles that were simultaneously published in the printed version of the daily and its supplements. In addition, the website publishes additional content not present in the printed Gazeta Wyborcza : video materials, thematically grouped photos, drawings. In 2012, an online archive of Gazeta Wyborcza was launched.[65]

In addition to the Wyborcza.pl portal, the content of the magazine is also published on a separate website Wyborcza.biz, devoted to economics and the economy. The Wyborcza.pl website is linked to the BIQdata portal, where socio-political reports are published in the form of charts, infographics and other graphic representations of numerical values. Its opening took place on 23 September 2014.[66]

Wysokie Obcasy.pl features content concerning women and includes section on psychology, health and beauty, food, and jobs. Biqdata.wyborcza.pl is dedicated to stories and developments as seen through the prism of big data and the wider world of information technology.

In 2014, Gazeta Wyborcza introduced a digital subscription.[67] The basic package includes access to the news on the website and through the app. The premium package offers access to all of its content including 28 local editions. The club package offers access to its editorial team, special events, and two additional subscriptions for family members. The entire content of Gazeta Wyborcza on the Internet has been payable since February 4, 2014.[68] The number of digital subscriptions in subsequent years was: 55,000 (2014), 77,000 (2015), 100,000 (2016),[69] 200,000 (2019), 220,000 (2020), and 260,000 (2021).[70]

Mobile app

Content from Gazeta Wyborcza is available both in the version for personal computers and via the mobile application. On 10 June 2009, iPhone owners were able to download the journal app from the App Store. On 20 July 2012, the iPad application was launched. In February 2012, viewing journal articles was made possible on the Kindle. The first version of the application for devices with the Android operating system, produced by the We Like Caps development studio, appeared on Google Play on 7 July 2014.

Awards

Gazeta Wyborcza received many Grand Press awards; in 2014 it was honored with the title of the Newspaper of the Twenty-Five Years.[71] The title of Journalist of the Year awarded during this ceremony was given in 2007 to Marcin Kącki,[72] in 2010 – Artur Domosławski,[73] in 2011 - Andrzej Poczobut,[74] in 2013 - Mariusz Szczygieł,[75] and in 2014 - Piotr Andrusieczko.[76] In other categories, awards were given to Katarzyna Klukowska, Włodzimierz Kalicki,[77] Jacek Hugo-Bader, Adam Wajrak,[78] Ireneusz Dańko, Dariusz Janowski, Marcin Fabiański, Leszek Talko,[79] Anna Bikont, Artur Włodarski,[80] Tomasz Patora , Marcin Stelmasiak, Anna Fostalkowska,[81] Roman Daszczyński, Krzysztof Wójcik, Angelika Kuźniak, Włodzimierz Nowak,[82] Wojciech Staszewski,[83] Magdalena Grochowska, Maciej Samcik,[84] Joanna Wojciechowska,[85] Paweł Wiejas,[86] Piotr Głuchowski, Marcin Kowalski, Magdalena Grzebałkowska,[87] Urszula Jabłońska,[88] Agnieszka Kublik , Bartosz T. Wieliński,[89] Donata Subbotko,[90] Elżbieta Sidi,[91] Anna Śmigulec,[92] and Grzegorz Sroczyński.[93] Journalists of the magazine were also awarded during four Sharp Pen awards ceremonies.[94][95][96][97]

In 2004, the editorial office was awarded the "Drummer of the Greater Poland Uprising" statuette, awarded by the Main Board of the Society for the Remembrance of the Greater Poland Uprising 1918/1919.[98]

In 2022, Gazeta Wyborcza and the Gazeta Wyborcza Foundation received the Golden Pen of Freedom award for fighting for independent journalism and carrying out its mission despite pressure from the authorities.[99][100]

See also

Bibliography

  • Dudek, Antoni (2013). Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2012 [Political history of Poland 1989–2012] (in Polish). Kraków: Znak. ISBN 978-83-240-2130-7.
  • Karpiński, Jakub (2001). Trzecia niepodległość. Najnowsza historia Polski [The third independence. The recent history of Poland]. Warszawa: Świat Książki. ISBN 83-7311-156-5.

References

  1. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" zmienia swoje hasło na "Nie ma wolności bez solidarności"" [Gazeta Wyborcza changes its slogan to "There is no freedom without solidarity"]. Agora (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Redakcja Gazety Wyborczej". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  3. ^ BAE (9 December 2021). "Wojciech Bartkowiak dyrektorem wydawniczym "GW", ma dołączyć też do zarządu Agory SA". Press.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  4. ^ "Journalistic role performance in Poland". Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne (2): 37–51. 2016. ISSN 1731-7517.
  5. ^ Graff, A. (2010). "Looking at Pictures of Gay Men: Political Uses of Homophobia in Contemporary Poland". Public Culture. 22 (3): 583–603. doi:10.1215/08992363-2010-010.
  6. ^ Zinken, Jörg (2003). "Ideological Imagination: Intertextual and Correlational Metaphors in Political Discourse". Discourse & Society. 14 (4): 507–523. doi:10.1177/0957926503014004005. S2CID 145324531.
  7. ^ Doring, M.; Zinken, Joerg (June 2005). "The cultural crafting of embryonic stem cells: the metaphorical schematisation of stem cell research in the Polish and French press". Metaphorik.de (8): 6–33. Adam Michnik is also editor of the largest Polish daily newspaper, the liberal Gazeta Wyborcza.
  8. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" z największym spadkiem sprzedaży w I kwartale 2023 roku". 9 May 2023.
  9. ^ Agora 2019
  10. ^ Adam Leszczyński. "4 czerwca 1989 r. Czy cały naród poszedł głosować przeciw komunistom?". oko.press. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  11. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" po 33 latach: Prasowy tygrys czy zakurzona kanapa?". wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 14 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  12. ^ "Polish Dissident Adam Michnik: 'We Are Bastards of Communism'". Der Spiegel (31). 29 July 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  13. ^ Ryszard Filas; Pawe Paneta (2009). "Media in Poland and Public Discourse". In Andrea Czepek; et al. (eds.). Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe. Bristol: Intellect. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  14. ^ Everete E. Dennis; Jon Vanden Heuvel (October 1990). "Emerging Voices: East European Media in Transition. A Gannett Foundation Report" (Report). Ganet Foundation. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  15. ^ Kayser-Bril, Nicolas (10 August 2016). "Don't ask too much from data literacy". The Journal of Community Informatics. 12 (3). doi:10.15353/joci.v12i3.3286. ISSN 1712-4441.
  16. ^ Le, Elisabeth; Radut-Gaghi, Luciana; Silletti, Alida Maria; Wagner, Hedwig (2021), Le, Elisabeth; Radut-Gaghi, Luciana; Silletti, Alida Maria; Wagner, Hedwig (eds.), "Centenary of WWI Armistice, Commemoration, and Memory", Media Discourse of Commemoration, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–39, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90079-3_1, ISBN 978-3-030-90078-6, S2CID 246222277, retrieved 15 February 2023
  17. ^ Krakowska, Joanna (December 2021). "Eating Bananas Outside the National Museum: Unlimited Semiosis". TDR. 65 (4): 131–146. doi:10.1017/S1054204321000587. ISSN 1054-2043. S2CID 244731736.
  18. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" z ponad 280 tys. prenumerat cyfrowych na koniec 2021 r." Agora (in Polish). Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  19. ^ "Sprzedaż dzienników w marcu zmalała o 15 proc. "Przegląd Sportowy" 35 proc. w dół, "GW" i "GPC" prawie 20 proc". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 6 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Global Digital Subscriptions Snapshot 2020 Q3". 1 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Ustalenia Okrągłego Stołu: "Gazeta Wyborcza"". wp.pl (in Polish). 6 February 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  22. ^ Aleksandra Hausner (23 April 2009). "Obrady Okrągłego Stołu". Edulandia.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  23. ^ "Okrągły Stół, czyli gra o Polskę". Newsweek.pl. 2 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Dudek, Antoni (2013). Historia polityczna Polski 1989-2012 (Wydanie 1 ed.). Kraków. ISBN 978-83-240-2130-7. OCLC 843772388.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ a b "The press in Poland". BBC. 29 April 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  26. ^ Andrzej Adamski. "Press market in Poland A.D. 2010" (PDF). CeON Repository. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  27. ^ a b "Poland". Press Reference. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  28. ^ Anna Machcewicz (1995). "Historia sentymentalna. "Gazeta Wyborcza" w latach 1989–1990". Więź (7 (441) ed.): 136.
  29. ^ Skalski, Ernest (15 May 2019). "Słowo na wybory". Polityka: 57.
  30. ^ Harden, Blaine (6 June 1990). "SOLIDARITY'S SOLID FRONT CRUMBLING FROM WITHIN". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Gazeta Wyborcza". eurotopics.net. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  32. ^ a b Karpiński, Jakub (2001). Trzecia niepodległość : najnowsza historia Polski. Warszawa: Świat Książki. ISBN 83-7311-156-5. OCLC 50183684.
  33. ^ Raczkiewicz, Małgorzata (2011). "Wpływ wyborów z 4 czerwca 1989 roku na polski system polityczny". Studia Wyborcze. 12: 79–99.
  34. ^ Simpson, Peggy (Spring 1996). "The troubled reign of Lech Walesa in Poland". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 2 (26 ed.): 317.
  35. ^ Pakulski, Jan (2010). "The Breakthrough: Polish elections in June 1989". Humanities Research. 3 (16 ed.): 109.
  36. ^ Ost, David (December 2009). "The Invisibility and Centrality of Class After Communism". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 4 (22 ed.): 497–515.
  37. ^ "Jarosław Kaczyński był redaktorem naczelnym". Wirtualnemedia.pl. 10 March 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  38. ^ Romuald Szeremietiew, Gazeta Wyborcza donosi, w: Tygodnik Solidarność, nr 9 (73)/1990, s. 9.
  39. ^ "Z piaskownicy na giełdę. Kulisy powstania potęgi "Gazety Wyborczej"". Rebelya.pl (in Polish). 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  40. ^ Gruszecki, Tomasz (7 March 1998). "Kwaśny smak żelatyny". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  41. ^ Jasiewicz, Krzysztof; Jasiewicz–Betkiewicz, Agnieszka (December 2003). "Poland". European Journal of Political Research. 7–8 (7–8) (42 ed.): 1052–1057. doi:10.1111/j.0304-4130.2003.00134.x.
  42. ^ Jasiewicz, Krzysztof; Jasiewicz-Betkiewicz, Agnieszka (December 2004). "Poland". European Journal of Political Research. 7–8 (7–8) (43 ed.): 1106–1115. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00207.x.
  43. ^ Jasiewicz, Krzysztof; Jasiewicz-Betkiewicz, Agnieszka (December 2005). "Poland". European Journal of Political Research. 7–8 (7–8) (44 ed.): 1147–1157. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00279.x.
  44. ^ Zarycki, Tomasz (2009). "The power of the intelligentsia: The Rywin Affair and the challenge of applying the concept of cultural capital to analyze Poland's elites". Theory and Society. 38 (6) (38 ed.): 613–648. doi:10.1007/s11186-009-9092-6. S2CID 144645907.
  45. ^ Madalinski, M H (April 2003). "What is saving of human life in Poland?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 29 (2) (2 ed.): 116. doi:10.1136/jme.29.2.116. PMC 1733699. PMID 12672894.
  46. ^ Pietraszewski, Marcin (19 February 2010). "Do sądu za Orlen". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  47. ^ Wielowieyska, Dominika (26 April 2013). "Dlaczego Miller i Kwaśniewski powinni podziękować Siemiątkowskiemu". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  48. ^ Marcin Kącki (3 December 2006). "Praca za seks w Samoobronie". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  49. ^ Radek Sikorski. Lack of solidarity - Poland's political problems. National Review, 18 October 1993.
  50. ^ Voytek Zubek. (1994). The Reassertion of the Left in Post-Communist Poland. Europe-Asia Studies, 46 (5), p. 818.
  51. ^ "Selected Financial Data" (PDF). Agora Holding. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  52. ^ "Polish national dailies - circulation and sales". OBP. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  53. ^ "World Press Trends" (PDF). World Association of Newspapers. Paris. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  54. ^ "Spada sprzedaż dzienników, "Gazeta Wyborcza" poniżej 190 tys. egz". Wirtualne Media (in Polish). 4 September 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  55. ^ "Sprzedaż 'Gazety Wyborczej' spadła do 86 tys., "Gazeta Polska Codziennie" do 13 tys. Liderem "Fakt"". Wirtualne Media (in Polish). 6 June 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  56. ^ "W styczniu wzrosła sprzedaż tylko "Super Expressu". "Gazeta Wyborcza" najbardziej w dół". Wirtualne Media (in Polish). 5 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  57. ^ "Sprzedaż dzienników w styczniu spadła o 18 proc., "Gazeta Wyborcza", "Fakt" i "GPC" najbardziej w dół". Wirtualne Media (in Polish). 4 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  58. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" najbardziej straciła wśród dzienników w sierpniu, "Puls Biznesu" zyskał najwięcej". Wirtualne Media (in Polish). 6 October 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  59. ^ "'Gazeta Wyborcza' zmniejsza przestrzeń redakcyjną o 40 proc. Gazeta.pl opracowuje nowy model pracy". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  60. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" w nowej szacie graficznej". Wyborcza.pl. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  61. ^ Górbiel, Andrzej (18 October 1994). "Jak czytać "Gazetę" przez Internet?". Komputery I Biuro. 243: 9.
  62. ^ "Online Gazeta". Archived from the original on 26 December 1996. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  63. ^ "Strona główna". Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 24 May 2001. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  64. ^ "Strona główna". Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  65. ^ "Archiwum Gazety Wyborczej". 7 May 2012. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  66. ^ Vadim Makarenko, Bogumiła Piotrowska, Marcin Urban (23 September 2014). "Świat w liczbach, czyli nowy serwis BIQdata.pl". Wyborcza.biz. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  68. ^ Paweł Okopień (3 February 2014). "Od jutra Gazeta Wyborcza zamknie czołowe serwisy oraz strony lokalne za nowym paywallem (SONDA: będziesz płacić?)". Spider's Web. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  69. ^ "100 tys. prenumerat cyfrowych Wyborcza.pl. "To powód do dumy i wdzięczności wobec czytelników"". wyborcza.pl. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  70. ^ ""Gazeta Wyborcza" ma już prawie 260 tys. subskrybentów cyfrowych". wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 19 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  71. ^ "Piotr Andrusieczko Dziennikarzem Roku 2014, "Wyborcza" gazetą 25-lecia". Agora SA. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  72. ^ "Grand Press 2007". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  73. ^ "Grand Press 2010". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  74. ^ "Grand Press 2011". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  75. ^ "Grand Press 2013". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  76. ^ "Piotr Andrusieczko Dziennikarzem Roku 2014, "Wyborcza" gazetą 25-lecia". Agora SA. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  77. ^ "Grand Press 1998". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  78. ^ "Grand Press 1999". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  79. ^ "Grand Press 2000". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  80. ^ "Grand Press 2001". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  81. ^ "Grand Press 2002". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  82. ^ "Grand Press 2004". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  83. ^ "Grand Press 2004". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  84. ^ "Grand Press 2005". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  85. ^ "Grand Press 2006". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  86. ^ "Grand Press 2008". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  87. ^ "Grand Press 2009". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  88. ^ "Grand Press 2012". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  89. ^ "Bartosz T. Wieliński autorem najlepszego reportażu prasowego". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  90. ^ "Grand Press 2013". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  91. ^ "Elżbieta Sidi nagrodzona w kategorii Publicystyka". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  92. ^ "Anna Śmigulec autorką najlepszego reportażu prasowego". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  93. ^ "Najlepszy wywiad przeprowadził Grzegorz Sroczyński". Grand Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  94. ^ "Ostre Pióra 2002". Agora. 18 February 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  95. ^ "Ostre Pióra 2003". Agora. 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  96. ^ "Ostre pióro Michała Zielińskiego". Wprost. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  97. ^ Polska Agencja Prasowa (27 February 2006). "Rozdano "Ostre Pióra 2005"". Puls Biznesu. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  98. ^ "Dobosz – Towarzystwo Pamięci Powstania Wielkopolskiego 1918/1919" (in Polish). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  99. ^ Andrew Heslop (28 September 2022). "Golden Pen of Freedom Awarded to Gazeta Wyborcza and the Gazeta Wyborcza Foundation". WAN-IFRA. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  100. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyborcza