Wukchumni
The Wukchumni (English: /wʌkˈtʃʌmni/) are a Yokuts tribe of California with about 200 members, residing on the Tule River Reservation. 3000 years ago, they broke off from the main Yokuts group and settled in the region of the east fork of the Kaweah River.[1]
History
Approximately 3000 years ago, the Wukchumni permanently settled in the East Fork Kaweah River. During the summer they occupied villages in the Atwell Mill area as well as the floor of Mineral King Valley. For food, they gathered bulbs, berries, and acorns and hunted bear, deer, and mountain sheep.[2] They went to Hockett Meadow and White Chief Bowl in Sequoia National Park to hunt and trade with the neighboring Paiute people.
Population
It was estimated before European contact the Yokut population reached 50,000, but today, there are less than 200 self-identified Wukchumni people alive. Some members of the Tule River Reservation are of Wukchumni heritage; however, majority of Wukchumni descendants are not federally recognized. One of the most famous members of today's Wukchumni society was Marie Wilcox, the author of the Wukchumni dictionary, and the last native speaker of the language.
Language
The Wukchumni spoke traditionally a dialect of the Tule-Kaweah Yokuts language, also called Wukchumni.
Marie Wilcox, born 1933, was the last native speaker of Wukchumni. She died October 7, 2021.[3] In the early 2000s, she and her daughter Jennifer Malone aimed to create a Wukchumni dictionary. She also worked on an audio dictionary with the aid of her grandson. Wilcox said that her grandparents taught her the language, but when her grandmother died, she had temporarily abandoned the Wukchumni language. When she realized that young tribal members were taking an interest in learning, she worked to make a lexical dictionary. Marie Wilcox and her daughter taught weekly classes around Tulare County.[4][5] Marie Wilcox was in 2014 the only fluent speaker of Wukchumni.[4][6] Due to her efforts, as of 2021 at least three people are fluent in the language,[7] and her great-great-grandson is being raised to speak it from birth.[3]
References
- ^ "History of the Living History Community". The Preservation of Mineral King. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 1 Oct 2020.
- ^ "History of the Living History Community". mineralking.org.
- ^ a b Seelye, Katharine Q. (2021-10-06). "Marie Wilcox, Who Saved Her Native Language From Extinction, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
- ^ a b ‘Who Speaks Wukchumni?’, New York Times, 19 Aug 2014.
- ^ "Tulare County Nüümü Yadoha Program". ovcdc.com. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ^ "Meet the last speaker of a dying language". 2017-02-08. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
- ^ "Marie Wilcox, who saved her tribe's language, dies". Washington Post. October 8, 2021. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
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