24°34′51″N 46°42′47″E / 24.5809°N 46.71311°E / 24.5809; 46.71311

Wadi Hanifa (Arabic: وَادِي حَنِيْفَة, romanized: Wādī Ḥanīfah), historically known as Wadi al-Arad,^[1] is a wadi (seasonal river) in the Najd region, Riyadh Province, in central Saudi Arabia. The valley runs for a length of 120 km (75 mi) from northwest to southeast, cutting through the city of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. A string of towns and villages lie along the valley, including Uyaynah, Irqah and Diriyah. The historical city of Riyadh itself is on the northeastern side of the wadi, but the city has now expanded across Wadi Hanifa, with the sub-municipalities of Al-Shifa and Al-Urayja on its southwestern side.

In ancient times, the wadi was known as al-Irdh (العرض). Its current name is derived from that of the Banu Hanifa, the principal Arab tribe in the area at the time of the Islamic conquest of Arabia.

In pre-historic times, rain fell heavily in the region. This is reflected in the local folk tradition that claims that during the reign of the ancient kingdom of Al-Yamamah, the area was once covered with oases and fertile farmland. God became angry and visited a plague of locusts and drought that the land never recovered from. Modern climate studies would likely show that the local catastrophe was actually the effect of global climate changes. Ongoing and future changes could bring higher precipitation levels back to the region.^{[citation needed]}

Temperatures in summer reach an average of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F), and precipitation averages only 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year in the driest places. Rain falls with great intensity for short periods, causing flash floods. The nature of the dry, warm climate leads to a high percentage of the scarce rainfall being instantly evaporated. That which remains mostly ends up as groundwater. While abundant, the levels of the water table are being tested by the rapid growth the city of Riyadh has seen in the past fifty years, from a population of 150,000 in 1960 to an estimated 5 million today.^{[citation needed]}

• List of wadis of Saudi Arabia
• Tuwaiq
• Manfuha
• Al-Hayir

• al-Asad, Mohammad & Yildirum Yavuz. Wadi Hanifa Development Plan. Ar-Riyadh Development Authority, 2001/2004.
• al-Nuaim, Dr. Abdullah Al Ali. Address. “A Profile of the Experience of Building and the Modern Development of Riyadh City,” Riyadh as Arab Cultural Capital for 2000. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Washington, 22 May 2000.
• al-Weshah, Dr. Radwan A., Hydrology of Wadi Systems. Damascus: Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, 2002.
• Bodeker, Jens. “Architect’s Record of Wadi Hanifa Wetlands.” ArchNet: Islamic Architecture Community. 2001. Aga Khan Trust for Culture. http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=4168
• High Commission for the Development of ArRiyadh. ArRiyadh Geography. 2007. ArRiyadh City Web Site. http://www.arriyadh.com/En/Ab-Arriyad/LeftBar/Geography/alrriyadh-gogrphy.doc_cvt.asp
• Philby, H. St. J. B. (1920). "Southern Najd". The Geographical Journal. 55 (3). The Geographical Journal, Vol. 55, No. 3: 161–185. doi:10.2307/1781600. JSTOR 1781600.
• Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government News 04/03/2006. Riyadh: http://www.mofa.gov.sa/detail.asp?InNewsItemID=45467&InTemplateKey=print, 2006.
• Saudi Arabia. Saudi Press Agency. “Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz Inspects Wadi Hanifa Environmental Rehabilitation Project.” Riyadh: http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=330976, 2007.

• Media related to Wadi Hanifa at Wikimedia Commons