Valeriano Weyler
Valeriano Weyler | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Governor-General of Cuba | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 11 February 1896 – 31 October 1897[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Sabas Marín y González | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Ramón Blanco y Erenas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Governor-General of the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 5 June 1888 – 17 November 1891 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emilio Terrero y Perinat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Eulogio Despujol y Dusay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau 17 September 1838 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 20 October 1930 (aged 92) Madrid, Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Liberal Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance |  Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch |  Spanish Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank |  Captain General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commands | 6th Army Corps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wars | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Captain General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí, 1st Marquess of Tenerife (17 September 1838 – 20 October 1930) was a Spanish Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and the Governor-General of Cuba,[2] and later as the Minister for War.
Early life and career
Weyler was born in 1838 in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. His distant paternal ancestors were originally Prussians and served in the Spanish army for several generations.[3] He was educated in his place of birth and in Granada.[4] Weyler decided to enter the Spanish army, being influenced by his father, a military doctor.
He graduated from the Infantry School of Toledo at the age of 16.[4] At 20, Weyler had achieved the rank of lieutenant,[4] and he was appointed the rank of captain in 1861.[5] In 1863, he was transferred to Cuba, and his participation in the campaign of Santo Domingo earned him the Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand.[5] During the Ten Years' War that was fought between 1868 and 1878, he served as a colonel[5] under General Arsenio Martínez Campos, but he returned to Spain before the end of the war to fight against Carlists in the Third Carlist War in 1873.[2] In 1878, he was made general.[4]
Canary Islands and Philippines
From 1878 to 1883, Weyler served as Captain-General of Canary Islands. In 1888, Weyler was made Governor-General of the Philippines.[2] Weyler granted the petitions of 20 young women of Malolos, Bulacan, to receive education and to have a night school. The women became known as the Women of Malolos. The original petition was denied by the parish priest of Malolos, who argued that women should always stay at home and take care of the family.
Weyler happened to visit Malolos afterward and granted the petition on account of the persistence the women displayed for their petition. José Rizal wrote a letter to the women, upon request by Marcelo H. del Pilar, praising their initiative and sensibility on their high hopes for women's education and progress. In 1895, he earned the Grand Cross of Maria Christina for his command of troops in the Philippines[2] in which he fought an uprising of Tagalogs[6] and conducted an offensive against the Moros in Mindanao.
Spain
On his return to Spain in 1892, he was appointed to command the 6th Army Corps in the Basque Provinces and Navarre, where he soon quelled agitations. He was then made captain-general at Barcelona, where he remained until January 1896. In Catalonia, with a state of siege, he made himself the terror of the anarchists and communists.[3]
Cuba
After Arsenio Martínez Campos proved unable to defeat the Cuban Liberation Army, the government of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo sent Weyler to Cuba to replace him. This decision met the approval of the Spanish public, who perceived Weyler as the right man to suppress the rebellion in Cuba. Weyler was made Governor-General of Cuba and was granted full powers to suppress the rebellion and restore Spanish rule alongside Cuba's sugar industry. Initially, he was frustrated by the same factors which had stymied his predecessors; while Spanish troops were trained in conventional warfare tactics and required substantial supplies to operate, their Cuban opponents engaged in hit-and-run tactics, lived off the land and blended in with the general population to avoid detection.[3]
Weyler responded by implementing the reconcentration policy, which was intended to separate the rebels from the civilian Cuban populace by confining the latter to concentration camps guarded by Spanish troops. Under the policy, rural Cubans had eight days to relocate to concentration camps in fortified towns, and all who failed to do so were to be shot. The quality of the camps was abysmal, with the housing being in poor condition and the camp rations insufficient and of poor quality; disease also quickly spread through the camps. By the end of 1897, Weyler and his troops had divided Cuba into different sectors and forced more than 300,000 Cubans into the camps. Spanish forces also destroyed crops and drove away livestock as part of a scorched earth strategy to make the Cuban countryside inhospitable to the insurgents.[7]
The reconcentration policy weakened the rebel position but resulted in the deaths of between 170,000 and 400,000 Cubans, causing widespread international outrage, particularly in the United States, where Weyler became known as "The Butcher".[8] This wave of American anti-Spanish sentiment contributed to the United States declaration of war on Spain in 1898. Castillo's government supported Weyler's tactics wholeheartedly, but the Liberal Party vigorously denounced them for their toll on the Cuban people.[9][10] The term "reconcentration" is thought to have given rise to the term "concentration camp". Academic Andrea Pitzer considered Weyler's camps to be the world's first concentration camps.[11] Weyler's strategy was successful only in completely alienating the Cuban populace from the Spanish as well as galvanizing international opinion against Spain. After Castillo was assassinated on 8 August 1897 and a new Liberal Party ministry led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta took over, Weyler was recalled from Cuba and replaced by the more conciliatory Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata.[12]
Return to Spain
He served as Minister of War three separate times (1901–1902, 1905, 1906–1907)[4] and as Chief of Staff of the Army in two separate terms (1916–1922, 1923–1925).
After his return to Spain, Weyler's reputation as a strong and ambitious soldier made him one of those who, in case of any constitutional disturbance, might be expected to play an important role, and his political position was nationally affected by this consideration; his appointment in 1900 as captain-general of Madrid resulted indeed in great success in the defense of the constitutional order. He was minister of war for a short time at the end of 1901, and again in 1905. At the end of October 1909, he was appointed captain-general at Barcelona, where the disturbances connected with the execution of Francisco Ferrer were quelled by him without bloodshed.[3]
Valeriano Weyler, the Marquess of Tenerife, was made Duke of Rubí and Grandee of Spain by royal decree in 1920.[13]
He was charged and imprisoned for opposing the military dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera in the 1920s. He died in Madrid on 20 October 1930. He was buried the next day in a simple casket without state ceremony, as he himself requested.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c d Austin, Heather. "The Spanish–American War Centennial Website: Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau". Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 567.
- ^ a b c d e "General Valeriano Weyler, Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Valeriano Weyler and Nicolau". Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ "Valeriano Weyler Papers". Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "February, 1896: Reconcentration Policy". PBS. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ "The Butcher of Cuba", "The Salt Lake Tribune", April 5, 1898
- ^ Pitzer, Andrea (2 November 2017). "Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ Storey, Moorfield; Codman, Julian (1902). Secretary Root's record. "Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root. Boston: George H. Ellis Company. pp. 89–95. The author compares McKinley's appalled answer to Cuban camps with Root's justification of Philippine camps.
- ^ "On anniversary of Auschwitz liberation, writer calls attention to modern-day concentration camps". The Current. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Heraclides, Alexis; Dialla, Ada (2015). "10 The US and Cuba, 1895–98". Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent. Manchester University Press. p. 204. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1mf71b8.15. ISBN 978-0-7190-8990-9. JSTOR j.ctt1mf71b8.15.
- ^ Gaceta de Madrid no. 190, 8 July 1920, p. 98
Sources
- Navarro García, L. (1998). "1898, la incierta victoria de Cuba". Anuario de Estudios Americanos. 55 (1). University of Sevilla: 165–187. doi:10.3989/aeamer.1998.v55.i1.370.
