[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry Janvier.jpg|thumb|January, from the ''[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]'']]
[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry Janvier.jpg|thumb|January, from the ''[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]'']]
January (in Latin, ''[[Ianuarius]]'') is named after the [[Latin]] word for door (''ianua''), since January is the door to the year and an opening to new beginnings. The month is conventionally thought of as being named after [[Janus]], the god of beginnings and transitions in [[Roman mythology]], but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] was the [[tutelary deity]] of the month.<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51.</ref>
January (in Latin, ''[[Ianuarius]]'') is named after the [[Latin]] word for door (''ianua''), since January is the door to the year and an opening to new beginnings. The month is conventionally thought of as being named after [[Janus]], the god of beginnings and transitions in [[Roman mythology]], but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] was the [[tutelary deity]] of the month.<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51. {{isbn|0-8014-1402-4}}</ref>
Traditionally, the original [[Roman calendar]] consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of [[Romulus]], King [[Numa Pompilius]], is supposed to have added the months of January and [[February]], so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although [[March]] was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the [[Decemvirs]] about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two [[consul]]s, who entered office on May 1{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} or March 15 until 153 BC, from when they entered office on January 1.
Traditionally, the original [[Roman calendar]] consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of [[Romulus]], King [[Numa Pompilius]], is supposed to have added the months of January and [[February]], so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although [[March]] was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the [[Decemvirs]] about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two [[consul]]s, who entered office on May 1{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} or March 15 until 153 BC, from when they entered office on January 1.
January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.
Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar
January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after the Latin word for door (ianua), since January is the door to the year and an opening to new beginnings. The month is conventionally thought of as being named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology, but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month.[1]
Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on May 1[citation needed] or March 15 until 153 BC, from when they entered office on January 1.
Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25.
Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning "wolf month") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth ("winter / cold month"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec. The name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.[2]
According to Theodor Mommsen,[3] 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).
In Finnish, the month of tammikuu means the heart of the winter and because the name literally means "oak moon", it can be inferred that the oak tree is the heart of the grand forest with many valuable trees as opposed to the typical Arctic forests, which are typically pine and spruce. The photograph of a large tree covered with ice against a blue sky is a familiar scene during Finland's winter.
The zodiac signs for the month of January are Capricorn (until January 19) and Aquarius (January 20 onwards).
January observances
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
