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Curculionidae: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Flickr - Lukjonis - Bug-Cionus hortulanus.jpg|thumb|right|A true weevil]]
[[File:Flickr - Lukjonis - Bug-Cionus hortulanus.jpg|thumb|right|A true weevil]]
The '''Curculionidae''' comprise the [[family (biology)|family]] of the "true" [[weevil]]s (or "snout beetles"). It one the largest animal families, with 5,489 genera and 86,100<ref>http://www.gbif.org/species/116196879</ref> species described worldwide. <!-- It is surpassed only by the [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[Hymenoptera]]), with over 60,000 species, and the [[Staphylinidae]] ([[Coleoptera]]), with 58,000 species. -->
The '''Curculionidae''' comprise the [[family (biology)|family]] of the "true" [[weevil]]s (or "snout beetles"). It is one the largest animal families, with 5,489 genera and 86,100<ref>http://www.gbif.org/species/116196879</ref> species described worldwide.<!-- It is surpassed only by the [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[Hymenoptera]]), with over 60,000 species, and the [[Staphylinidae]] ([[Coleoptera]]), with 58,000 species. -->


It also includes the [[bark beetle]]s as [[subfamily]] [[Scolytinae]], which are modified {{Unreliable source inline|date=December 2013}} in shape in accordance with their wood-boring lifestyle. They do not much resemble other weevils, so they were traditionally considered a distinct family, Scolytidae. The family also includes the [[ambrosia beetle]]s, of which the present-day subfamily [[Platypodinae]] was formerly considered the distinct family Platypodidae.
It also includes the [[bark beetle]]s as [[subfamily]] [[Scolytinae]], which are modified {{Unreliable source inline|date=December 2013}} in shape in accordance with their wood-boring lifestyle. They do not much resemble other weevils, so they were traditionally considered a distinct family, Scolytidae. The family also includes the [[ambrosia beetle]]s, of which the present-day subfamily [[Platypodinae]] was formerly considered the distinct family Platypodidae.
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==Phylogeny and systematics==
==Phylogeny and systematics==
The [[phylogeny]] of the group is complex; with 40,000 species, a spirited debate exists about the relationships between subfamilies and genera. A 1997 analysis attempted to construct a phylogeny based mainly on larval characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adriana E. Marvaldi |year=1997 |title=Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=285–312 |url=http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/entomologia/Articulos/Cladistics13%281997%29.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x}}</ref><!-- Two recent (and widely different) systematisch schemes: Oberprieler et al. (2007), Bouchard et al. (2011) -->
The [[phylogeny]] of the group is complex; with so many species, a spirited debate exists about the relationships between subfamilies and genera. A 1997 analysis attempted to construct a phylogeny based mainly on larval characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adriana E. Marvaldi |year=1997 |title=Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=285–312 |url=http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/entomologia/Articulos/Cladistics13%281997%29.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x}}</ref><!-- Two recent (and widely different) systematic schemes: Oberprieler ''et al.'' (2007), Bouchard ''et al.'' (2011) -->


Almost two dozen [[subfamilies]] are recognized by some authors even when merging those that are certainly invalid. Others, however, recognize a lesser number &ndash; the only subfamilies that are almost universally considered valid are the [[Baridinae]], [[Cossoninae]], [[Curculioninae]], [[Cyclominae]], [[Entiminae]], [[Molytinae]], [[Platypodinae]], and [[Scolytinae]]. The various proposed [[taxonomic]] schemes typically each usually recognize again as many additional subfamilies, but little agreement is seen between authorities about which ones of those below these are. In particular, the delimitation of the [[Molytinae]] has proven difficult.
Almost two dozen [[subfamilies]] are recognized by some authors even when merging those that are certainly invalid. Others, however, recognize a lesser number &ndash; the only subfamilies that are almost universally considered valid are the [[Baridinae]], [[Cossoninae]], [[Curculioninae]], [[Cyclominae]], [[Entiminae]], [[Molytinae]], [[Platypodinae]], and [[Scolytinae]]. The various proposed [[taxonomic]] schemes typically recognize as many additional subfamilies again, but little agreement is seen between authorities about which. In particular, the delimitation of the [[Molytinae]] has proven difficult.


[[File:Bambusrüssler.JPG|thumb|Compound of a ''[[Cyrtotrachelus]]'' in acryl]]
[[File:Bambusrüssler.JPG|thumb|Compound of a ''[[Cyrtotrachelus]]'' in acryl]]
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* [[Gonipterinae]] (sometimes in Curculioninae)
* [[Gonipterinae]] (sometimes in Curculioninae)
* [[Hyperinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Hyperinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Leptoniinae]]{{Verify source|date=March 2012}}<!-- no Google hits for Leptoniinae or Leptoniini --> (disputed)
* [[Lixinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Lixinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Mesoptiliinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Mesoptiliinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)

Revision as of 23:35, 17 February 2016

True weevils and bark beetles
Lixus angustatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Suborder:
Polyphaga
Infraorder:
Cucujiformia
Superfamily:
Curculionoidea
Family:
Curculionidae

Latreille, 1802
Diversity
Some 20 subfamilies (but see text)
A true weevil

The Curculionidae comprise the family of the "true" weevils (or "snout beetles"). It is one the largest animal families, with 5,489 genera and 86,100[1] species described worldwide.

It also includes the bark beetles as subfamily Scolytinae, which are modified [unreliable source?] in shape in accordance with their wood-boring lifestyle. They do not much resemble other weevils, so they were traditionally considered a distinct family, Scolytidae. The family also includes the ambrosia beetles, of which the present-day subfamily Platypodinae was formerly considered the distinct family Platypodidae.

Description

They are recognized by their distinctive long snouts and geniculate antennae with small clubs; beyond that, curculionids have considerable diversity of form and size, with adult lengths ranging from 1 to 40 mm (0.04 to 1.57 in).

Weevils are almost entirely plant feeders, and most species are associated with a narrow range of hosts, in many cases only living on a single species. With so many species to classify and over 400 genera, the taxonomy of this family is quite complicated, and authors disagree on the number and placement of various subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes.

Phylogeny and systematics

The phylogeny of the group is complex; with so many species, a spirited debate exists about the relationships between subfamilies and genera. A 1997 analysis attempted to construct a phylogeny based mainly on larval characteristics.[2]

Almost two dozen subfamilies are recognized by some authors even when merging those that are certainly invalid. Others, however, recognize a lesser number – the only subfamilies that are almost universally considered valid are the Baridinae, Cossoninae, Curculioninae, Cyclominae, Entiminae, Molytinae, Platypodinae, and Scolytinae. The various proposed taxonomic schemes typically recognize as many additional subfamilies again, but little agreement is seen between authorities about which. In particular, the delimitation of the Molytinae has proven difficult.

Compound of a Cyrtotrachelus in acryl

The subfamilies considered valid by at least some authors today:

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.gbif.org/species/116196879
  2. ^ Adriana E. Marvaldi (1997). "Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils" (PDF). Cladistics. 13 (4): 285–312. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x.

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website:

Other University web pages on economically important curculids:

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F705518902