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The '''red-naped [[snake]]''' (''Furina diadema'') is a small poisonous reptile <ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> from the [[Elapidae]] family.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = <nowiki>Furina diadema | The Reptile Database</nowiki>|url = http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Furina&species=diadema&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Red-naped+snake%27%29%29|date = |publisher = |website = reptile-database.reptarium.cz|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> They are found in four Australian states <ref name=":0">{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = <nowiki>Furina diadema | The Reptile Database</nowiki>|url = http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Furina&species=diadema&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Red-naped+snake%27%29%29|date = |publisher = |website = reptile-database.reptarium.cz|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> and are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria'.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Department of Environment & Primary Industries Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List May 2014 |url = http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/260884/201405-FFG-threatened-list.pdf|format=PDF |date = |publisher = |website = depi.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>
The '''red-naped [[snake]]''' (''Furina diadema'') is a small poisonous reptile <ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> from the [[Elapidae]] family.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = <nowiki>Furina diadema | The Reptile Database</nowiki>|url = http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Furina&species=diadema&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Red-naped+snake%27%29%29|website = reptile-database.reptarium.cz|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> They are found in four Australian states <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = <nowiki>Furina diadema | The Reptile Database</nowiki>|url = http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Furina&species=diadema&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Red-naped+snake%27%29%29|website = reptile-database.reptarium.cz|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> and are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria'.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title = Department of Environment & Primary Industries Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List May 2014 |url = http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/260884/201405-FFG-threatened-list.pdf|format=PDF |website = depi.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>
They are nocturnal and feed on small [[skinks]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> The young eastern brown snake is similar in appearance.<ref name=":3" />
They are nocturnal and feed on small [[skinks]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> The young eastern brown snake is similar in appearance.<ref name=":3" />


<!-- synonyms: Calamaria diadema SCHLEGEL 1837: 32 Furina diadema — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1239 Rabdion occipitale GIRARD 1858: 181 Brachysoma diadema — GÜNTHER 1863 Pseudelaps diadema — JAN 1863 Cacophis blackmanii KREFFT 1869: 77 Denisonia bancrofti DE VIS 1911: 23 Pseudelaps diadema — BOULENGER 1896 ? Brachysoma diadema — WORRELL 1963 Aspidomorphus diadema — MINTON et al. 1970 Furina diadema — COGGER 1983: 225 Furina diadema — WELCH 1994: 63 Furina diadema — COGGER 2000: 651 Furina diadema — WILSON & SWAN 2010 -->
<!-- synonyms: Calamaria diadema SCHLEGEL 1837: 32 Furina diadema — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1239 Rabdion occipitale GIRARD 1858: 181 Brachysoma diadema — GÜNTHER 1863 Pseudelaps diadema — JAN 1863 Cacophis blackmanii KREFFT 1869: 77 Denisonia bancrofti DE VIS 1911: 23 Pseudelaps diadema — BOULENGER 1896 ? Brachysoma diadema — WORRELL 1963 Aspidomorphus diadema — MINTON et al. 1970 Furina diadema — COGGER 1983: 225 Furina diadema — WELCH 1994: 63 Furina diadema — COGGER 2000: 651 Furina diadema — WILSON & SWAN 2010 -->


== Description ==
== Description ==
The red-naped snake has small black eyes, a shiny black head, and neck. Their head appears to be partially flattened. On the upper lip is a streak of white. On the back of the neck there is a well defined patch of orange or red in the shape of a diamond, crescent or oval. Their belly can be either a cream colour or white. The remainder of their body is a red-brown colour.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> The edges of these dorsal scales are either black<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> or dark brown<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title = A field guide to the snakes and lizards of New South Wales|last = Swan|first = G|publisher = |year = 1990|isbn = |location = |pages = 186}}</ref> and this makes the scales look like a net.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>
The red-naped snake has small black eyes, a shiny black head, and neck. Their head appears to be partially flattened. On the upper lip is a streak of white. On the back of the neck there is a well defined patch of orange or red in the shape of a diamond, crescent or oval. Their belly can be either a cream colour or white. The remainder of their body is a red-brown colour.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> The edges of these dorsal scales are either black<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|journal = |date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> or dark brown<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title = A field guide to the snakes and lizards of New South Wales|last = Swan|first = G|year = 1990|pages = 186}}</ref> and this makes the scales look like a net.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first1 = Leonard|last1 = Cronin|title = Australian Reptiles and Amphibians|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-85881-186-3|publisher = Jon Carpenter Publishing|date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 978-0-85881-186-7|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>


''Furina diadema'' have a slim body and are considered a small snake.<ref name=":2" /> They have been reported to reach a maximum length of 45&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":1" /> Other sources have reported them as reaching a maximum total length of 40&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|first1 = Damian|last1 = Michael|first2 = David|last2 = Lindenmayer|first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment: A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology and Conservation|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-643-10189-6|publisher = Csiro Publishing|journal = |date = 2010-04-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-643-10189-0|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The males are the smaller sex.<ref name=":2" />
''Furina diadema'' have a slim body and are considered a small snake.<ref name=":2" /> They have been reported to reach a maximum length of 45&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":1" /> Other sources have reported them as reaching a maximum total length of 40&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|first1 = Damian|last1 = Michael|first2 = David|last2 = Lindenmayer|title = Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment: A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology and Conservation|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-643-10189-6|publisher = Csiro Publishing|date = 2010-04-01|isbn = 978-0-643-10189-0|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The males are the smaller sex.<ref name=":2" />
Theses snakes have between 160 and 210 [[ventral scales]], a divided [[anal scale]], between 35 and 70 [[subcaudal scales]] and generally the mid-body has 15 rows of scales.<ref name=":7" />
Theses snakes have between 160 and 210 [[ventral scales]], a divided [[anal scale]], between 35 and 70 [[subcaudal scales]] and generally the mid-body has 15 rows of scales.<ref name=":7" />


Line 44: Line 44:


=== Habitat ===
=== Habitat ===
The red-naped snake is a [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] species<ref name=":3">{{cite book|first1 = Damian|last1 = Michael|first2 = David|last2 = Lindenmayer|first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment: A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology and Conservation|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-643-10189-6|publisher = Csiro Publishing|journal = |date = 2010-04-01|location = |issn = |isbn = 978-0-643-10189-0|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> that is found in many parts of eastern Australia: in dry woodlands and forests, coastal forests and heaths,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title = Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia|last = H.|first = Cogger|publisher = CSIRO Publishing|year = 2014|isbn = |location = |pages = 895}}</ref> tussock grasslands and shrublands.<ref name=":2" /> It generally stays away from wet areas, like rainforests.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Red-naped snake (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection)|url = https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/rednaped_snake.html|date = |publisher = |website = ehp.qld.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> They shelter under rocks and fallen timber, in ant or termite nests,<ref name=":3" /> under wood piles, leaves, old sheets of iron, in crevices<ref name=":4" /> and abandoned burrows.<ref name=":2" />
The red-naped snake is a [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] species<ref name=":3">{{cite book|first1 = Damian|last1 = Michael|first2 = David|last2 = Lindenmayer|title = Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment: A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology and Conservation|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-643-10189-6|publisher = Csiro Publishing|date = 2010-04-01|isbn = 978-0-643-10189-0|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> that is found in many parts of eastern Australia: in dry woodlands and forests, coastal forests and heaths,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title = Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia|last = H.|first = Cogger|publisher = CSIRO Publishing|year = 2014|pages = 895}}</ref> tussock grasslands and shrublands.<ref name=":2" /> It generally stays away from wet areas, like rainforests.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title = Red-naped snake (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection)|url = https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/rednaped_snake.html|website = ehp.qld.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> They shelter under rocks and fallen timber, in ant or termite nests,<ref name=":3" /> under wood piles, leaves, old sheets of iron, in crevices<ref name=":4" /> and abandoned burrows.<ref name=":2" />


=== Geographic range ===
=== Geographic range ===
The red-naped snake is in four Australian states; Victoria, NSW, Queensland and South Australia.<ref name=":0" /> It is found in arid to humid parts of eastern Australia, from Port Augusta in South Australia to Cairns in northern Queensland.<ref name=":4" /> Some areas they have been sighted include: the Coongie Lakes [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] Site in South Australia;<ref>{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Ramsar Convention in Australia – a showcase of Australian Ramsar sites|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/45e00b9f-8249-4455-96d1-85df9816c6d9/files/wa24-ramsar-convention.pdf|date = |publisher = Department of the Environment|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> Woomargama National Park and Mullengandra in NSW Murray Catchment;<ref name=":3" /> in the Lower Murray darling basin, NSW;<ref>{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions - Species List|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/7bd5254f-ea43-44aa-873f-c182613ef398/files/species-nsw-lower-murray-darling.pdf|date = |publisher = Department of the Environment|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> the Museum of Victoria has records of this species from the far north-west and riverine areas;<ref>{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Red-naped Snake: Museum Victoria|url = http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/infosheets/snakes-found-in-victoria/red-naped-snake/|date = |publisher = |website = museumvictoria.com.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> 18 National Parks in Queensland.<ref name=":4" />
The red-naped snake is in four Australian states; Victoria, NSW, Queensland and South Australia.<ref name=":0" /> It is found in arid to humid parts of eastern Australia, from Port Augusta in South Australia to Cairns in northern Queensland.<ref name=":4" /> Some areas they have been sighted include: the Coongie Lakes [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] Site in South Australia;<ref>{{cite web|title = Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Ramsar Convention in Australia – a showcase of Australian Ramsar sites|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/45e00b9f-8249-4455-96d1-85df9816c6d9/files/wa24-ramsar-convention.pdf|publisher = Department of the Environment|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> Woomargama National Park and Mullengandra in NSW Murray Catchment;<ref name=":3" /> in the Lower Murray darling basin, NSW;<ref>{{cite web|title = Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions - Species List|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/7bd5254f-ea43-44aa-873f-c182613ef398/files/species-nsw-lower-murray-darling.pdf|publisher = Department of the Environment|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> the Museum of Victoria has records of this species from the far north-west and riverine areas;<ref>{{cite web|title = Red-naped Snake: Museum Victoria|url = http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/infosheets/snakes-found-in-victoria/red-naped-snake/|website = museumvictoria.com.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> 18 National Parks in Queensland.<ref name=":4" />


=== Diet ===
=== Diet ===
Line 53: Line 53:


=== Reproduction ===
=== Reproduction ===
The red-naped snake is [[oviparious]],<ref name=":3" /> Their clutch size records vary: 2-5,<ref name=":1" /> 1-10<ref name=":2" /> 3-6,<ref name="srichard">{{cite book|first1 = Richard|last1 = Shine|first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Australian Snakes: A Natural History|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-8014-8261-5|publisher = Cornell University Press|journal = |date = January 1994|location = |issn = |isbn = 0-8014-8261-5|pages = |volume = |series = |issue = |doi = |accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> 1-5, 8 and an average of 3.<ref name=":7" /> In subtropical regions they have more than one clutch in a year.<ref name=":2" /> They hatch out of their eggs in January, unless in a cooler region, where they hatch in February.<ref name=":2" /> The recorded lengths for snakes when they are first born vary, 12&nbsp;cm<ref name=":2" /> and 15&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":1" /> They become adults within a year.<ref name=":2" />
The red-naped snake is [[oviparious]],<ref name=":3" /> Their clutch size records vary: 2-5,<ref name=":1" /> 1-10<ref name=":2" /> 3-6,<ref name="srichard">{{cite book|first1 = Richard|last1 = Shine|title = Australian Snakes: A Natural History|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0-8014-8261-5|publisher = Cornell University Press|date = January 1994|isbn = 0-8014-8261-5|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref> 1-5, 8 and an average of 3.<ref name=":7" /> In subtropical regions they have more than one clutch in a year.<ref name=":2" /> They hatch out of their eggs in January, unless in a cooler region, where they hatch in February.<ref name=":2" /> The recorded lengths for snakes when they are first born vary, 12&nbsp;cm<ref name=":2" /> and 15&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":1" /> They become adults within a year.<ref name=":2" />


== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==
Line 62: Line 62:


== Conservation status ==
== Conservation status ==
''Furina diadema'' are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria under the [[Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web|first1 = |last1 = |first2 = |last2 = |first3 = |last3 = |first4 = |last4 = |title = Department of Environment & Primary Industries Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List May 2014|url = http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/260884/201405-FFG-threatened-list.pdf|format=PDF |date = |publisher = |website = depi.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>
''Furina diadema'' are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria under the [[Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title = Department of Environment & Primary Industries Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List May 2014|url = http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/260884/201405-FFG-threatened-list.pdf|format=PDF |website = depi.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 2014-10-05}}</ref>


== Origin ==
== Origin ==

Revision as of 10:27, 17 October 2014

Red-naped snake
Red-naped snake
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Division:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Family:
Elapidae
Genus:
Furina
Species:
F. diadema
Binomial name
Furina diadema
*Schlegel, 1937[1]
Synonyms
  • Calamaria diadema Schlegel 1837
  • Rabdion occipitale Girard 1825
  • Brachysoma diadema Günther 1863
  • Pseudelaps diadema Jan 1863
  • Cacophis blackmanii Krefft 1869
  • Denisonia bancrofti De Vis 1911
  • Pseudelaps diadema Boulenger 1896
  • Brachysoma diadema Worrel 1963
  • Aspidomorphus diadema Minton 1970
  • Furina diadema Cogger 1983
  • Furina diadema Welch 1994
  • Furina diadema Cogger 2000
  • Furina diadema Wilson & Swan 2010

The red-naped snake (Furina diadema) is a small poisonous reptile [2] from the Elapidae family.[3] They are found in four Australian states [3] and are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria'.[4] They are nocturnal and feed on small skinks.[2] The young eastern brown snake is similar in appearance.[5]


Description

The red-naped snake has small black eyes, a shiny black head, and neck. Their head appears to be partially flattened. On the upper lip is a streak of white. On the back of the neck there is a well defined patch of orange or red in the shape of a diamond, crescent or oval. Their belly can be either a cream colour or white. The remainder of their body is a red-brown colour.[2] The edges of these dorsal scales are either black[2] or dark brown[6] and this makes the scales look like a net.[2]

Furina diadema have a slim body and are considered a small snake.[2] They have been reported to reach a maximum length of 45 cm.[6] Other sources have reported them as reaching a maximum total length of 40 cm.[5][1] The males are the smaller sex.[2] Theses snakes have between 160 and 210 ventral scales, a divided anal scale, between 35 and 70 subcaudal scales and generally the mid-body has 15 rows of scales.[1]

Venom

Although the red-naped snake is venomous they are considered harmless to humans. If threatened they will strike out several times with their forebody held in the air. This is done most often with a closed mouth.[1] They can bite however and will do so if they are provoked enough.[2]

Habitat

The red-naped snake is a terrestrial species[5] that is found in many parts of eastern Australia: in dry woodlands and forests, coastal forests and heaths,[1] tussock grasslands and shrublands.[2] It generally stays away from wet areas, like rainforests.[7] They shelter under rocks and fallen timber, in ant or termite nests,[5] under wood piles, leaves, old sheets of iron, in crevices[7] and abandoned burrows.[2]

Geographic range

The red-naped snake is in four Australian states; Victoria, NSW, Queensland and South Australia.[3] It is found in arid to humid parts of eastern Australia, from Port Augusta in South Australia to Cairns in northern Queensland.[7] Some areas they have been sighted include: the Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site in South Australia;[8] Woomargama National Park and Mullengandra in NSW Murray Catchment;[5] in the Lower Murray darling basin, NSW;[9] the Museum of Victoria has records of this species from the far north-west and riverine areas;[10] 18 National Parks in Queensland.[7]

Diet

Furina diadema prey upon little skinks.[1]

Reproduction

The red-naped snake is oviparious,[5] Their clutch size records vary: 2-5,[6] 1-10[2] 3-6,[11] 1-5, 8 and an average of 3.[1] In subtropical regions they have more than one clutch in a year.[2] They hatch out of their eggs in January, unless in a cooler region, where they hatch in February.[2] The recorded lengths for snakes when they are first born vary, 12 cm[2] and 15 cm.[6] They become adults within a year.[2]

Behaviour

The red-naped snake are a nocturnal species. [5] Sometimes they share their space with each other.[6] Both venom and constriction is used to kill prey.[2] They eat more in the warmer times of the year and hunt for food in restricted places such as burrows and fissures.[2]

Similar species

They are similar in appearance to the juvenile eastern brown snake. The eastern brown snake has a lighter band between their dark head and the neck.[5] These two snakes can be differentiated by their behaviour as the eastern brown snake is out during the day, while the red-naped snake is nocturnal and not often seen unless their retreat has been disturbed.[5]

Conservation status

Furina diadema are listed as 'Threatened' in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.[4]

Origin

Evidence suggests that there was a migration of Asian elapid snakes into Australia many years ago and they evolved into different genera over time including the Furina species Furina diadema.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g H., Cogger (2014). Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 895.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cronin, Leonard (2001-01-01). Australian Reptiles and Amphibians. Jon Carpenter Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85881-186-7. Retrieved 2014-10-05. Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c "Furina diadema | The Reptile Database". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  4. ^ a b "Department of Environment & Primary Industries Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List May 2014" (PDF). depi.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2014-10-05. Cite error: The named reference ":5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Michael, Damian; Lindenmayer, David (2010-04-01). Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment: A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology and Conservation. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10189-0. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  6. ^ a b c d e Swan, G (1990). A field guide to the snakes and lizards of New South Wales. p. 186.
  7. ^ a b c d "Red-naped snake (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection)". ehp.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  8. ^ "Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Ramsar Convention in Australia – a showcase of Australian Ramsar sites" (PDF). Department of the Environment. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  9. ^ "Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions - Species List" (PDF). Department of the Environment. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  10. ^ "Red-naped Snake: Museum Victoria". museumvictoria.com.au. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  11. ^ a b Shine, Richard (January 1994). Australian Snakes: A Natural History. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8261-5. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F629966630