User:Lugnad/timeline: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
again |
ref |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 17em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;" |
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 17em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;" |
||
|+ style="font-size: larger; style="background:#CCCCCC" | '''Irish Merchant Marine'''<br/>during the Emergency |
|+ style="font-size: larger; style="background:#CCCCCC" | '''Irish Merchant Marine'''<br/>during the Emergency |
||
| Line 202: | Line 201: | ||
</ref> "In a manner reminiscent of [[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlin’s]] handover of the [[Treaty Ports (Ireland)|ports]] to [[Éamon de Valera|de Valera]], two days after the outbreak of war, de Valera himself transferred the tankers to the British registry without getting any promise of fuel supply in return.<ref name="Coogan, page 250">Coogan, page 250</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|title=De Valera|publisher=Arrow Books|location=London|date=1995|pages=569|isbn=0099958600}}. </ref> Earlier, Britain had asked Ireland to requisition the tankers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Joseph T|title=Ireland in the war years|publisher=nternational Scholars Publications|date=1997|pages=90|isbn=9781573091862|url=http://books.google.ie/books?id=iciGAAAAIAAJ&q=requisition#search_anchor}}</ref><ref name="liffey">{{cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html|date=27 September, 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009}} </ref> The entire fleet was lost.}} |
</ref> "In a manner reminiscent of [[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlin’s]] handover of the [[Treaty Ports (Ireland)|ports]] to [[Éamon de Valera|de Valera]], two days after the outbreak of war, de Valera himself transferred the tankers to the British registry without getting any promise of fuel supply in return.<ref name="Coogan, page 250">Coogan, page 250</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|title=De Valera|publisher=Arrow Books|location=London|date=1995|pages=569|isbn=0099958600}}. </ref> Earlier, Britain had asked Ireland to requisition the tankers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Joseph T|title=Ireland in the war years|publisher=nternational Scholars Publications|date=1997|pages=90|isbn=9781573091862|url=http://books.google.ie/books?id=iciGAAAAIAAJ&q=requisition#search_anchor}}</ref><ref name="liffey">{{cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html|date=27 September, 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009}} </ref> The entire fleet was lost.}} |
||
{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|11|df=y}}|The Irish-flagged tanker ''Inverliffey'', [[Trinidad]] to [[Coryton Refinery|Coryton]] with 13,000 tons of [[gasoline]] was shelled and sunk by [[Unterseeboot 38 (1938)|U-38]].<ref name="Inverliffey"/>Neither the ''Inverliffey'' nor U-38 would have been aware of the registry change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html|date=27 September, 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009}} No calulaties</ref> |
{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|11|df=y}}|The Irish-flagged tanker ''Inverliffey'', [[Trinidad]] to [[Coryton Refinery|Coryton]] with 13,000 tons of [[gasoline]] was shelled and sunk by [[Unterseeboot 38 (1938)|U-38]].<ref name="Inverliffey"/>Neither the ''Inverliffey'' nor U-38 would have been aware of the registry change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html|date=27 September, 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009}} No calulaties}}</ref> |
||
{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|October|4|df=y}}|[[German submarine U-35 (1936)|U-35]] lands survivors from ''Diamantes'' (Greek) at Ballymore, [[Dingle]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.u-35.com/sources/Kerryman1999.htm|title='Submarines in the bog holes': West Kerry's experience of World War II |last=Dywer|first=T Ryle |date=01 October 1999 |publisher=Kerryman http://www.kerryman.ie/|accessdate=2009 August 23}}</ref>}} |
{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|October|4|df=y}}|[[German submarine U-35 (1936)|U-35]] lands survivors from ''Diamantes'' (Greek) at Ballymore, [[Dingle]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.u-35.com/sources/Kerryman1999.htm|title='Submarines in the bog holes': West Kerry's experience of World War II |last=Dywer|first=T Ryle |date=01 October 1999 |publisher=Kerryman http://www.kerryman.ie/|accessdate=2009 August 23}}</ref>}} |
||
Revision as of 23:47, 30 March 2010
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Below is the timeline of maritime events during the Emergency,[note 2][1] (as World War II was known in Ireland). This period was referred to as The Long Watch by Irish Mariners. This list is of events which affected the Irish Mercantile Marine [note 3], other ships carrying Irish exports or imports, and events within Irish territorial waters.
Timeline
In this list, the nationality of non-Irish ships is given, the phrase "British-flagged" is used for ships which transferred from the Irish registry.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Athenia, torpedoed by U-30, the first British ship to be sunk, Knut Nelson (Norway) lands 450 survivors in Galway.[2][3]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Inver tankers fleet transferred to British register.[4]There were plans to build an oil refinery near Dublin's Pigeon House. In the event, this refinery was not built. Nonetheless seven oil tankers were built in Germany for Inver Tankers Ltd. Each 500 ft long and capable of carrying 500 tons were on the Irish register.[5] "In a manner reminiscent of Chamberlin’s handover of the ports to de Valera, two days after the outbreak of war, de Valera himself transferred the tankers to the British registry without getting any promise of fuel supply in return.[6][7] Earlier, Britain had asked Ireland to requisition the tankers.[8][9] The entire fleet was lost. {{timeline-item|Error: All values must be integers (help)|The Irish-flagged tanker Inverliffey, Trinidad to Coryton with 13,000 tons of gasoline was shelled and sunk by U-38.[10]Neither the Inverliffey nor U-38 would have been aware of the registry change.[11]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- U-35 lands survivors from Diamantes (Greek) at Ballymore, Dingle[12]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Enid (Captain Wibe) of neutral Norway sailing from Steinkjer to Dublin, 10 miles north of Shetland, went to assist SS Polzella (British) which had been torpedoed by U-25, U-25 then shelled and sank Enid.[13] Enid's crew survived. Polzella's crew were lost.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Munster (Capt. R. Paisley) mined and sunk while entering Liverpool one death[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Cato (Capt. Richard Martin), British, from Dublin to Bristol, struck a mine laid by U-29 2.5 miles west of Nash Point 13 died, 2 survived.[15]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Trawler Leukos sunk by gunfire from U-38, NW of Tory Island - 11 dead. (She may have moved between the surfacing U-boat and English trawlers, in the hope that the tricolour would protect her while the English escaped)[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- City of Bremen rescues crew of Amor (Dutch) in the North Sea - 33 saved[17]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Kyleclare escapes from Antwerp amid an air-raid during the Battle of Belgium
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Uruguay of neutral Argentina sailing from Rosario to Limerick with 6,000 tons of maize, sunk with scuttling charges by U-37 160 miles from Cape Villano, Costa da Morte,Spain 43°24′N 12°10′W / 43.40°N 12.16°W. 15 died, 13 survived.[18]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Violando N Goulandris of then-neutral Greece sailing from Santa Fe to Waterford with a cargo of wheat was torpedoed by U-48 off Cape Finisterre 6 died 22 survived. [19]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- U-38 landed a German spy, Karl Simon, in Dingle. He was promptly arrested and interned for the duration.[20]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Frangoula B Goulandris of then-neutral Greece Outward Cork to St Thomas torpedoed and sunk by U-26 [21]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Petsamo of Finland, inward Rosario to Cork with a cargo of maize, torpedoed and sunk by U-34, four died [22]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Moyalla rescues survivors from Athellaird (British) off Cape Clear - 20 saved.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Ia of Greece, inward Rosario to Cork with a cargo of wheat, torpedoed and sunk by U-99, 3 died, 27 survived. [23]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Thetis A of Greece, inward Rosario to Limerick with a cargo of grain, torpedoed and sunk by U-52, 9 died 20 survived.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- City of Limerick (Capt. R. Ferguson) Cartagena to Liverpool, bombed by aircraft and sunk in Bay of Biscay, 700 miles west of Ushant - 2 dead.[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Naftilos of Greece, inward San Nicholas to Dublin with a cargo of grain, torpedoed and sunk by U-34. One death, 27 survived. [24]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- City of Waterford (Capt. T. Freehill) shelled by submarine in North Atlantic - escaped[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Kyleclare rescues survivors from Clan Menzies (British) 150 miles west of Loop Head, torpedoed and sunk by U-99, six died, 88 survivors brought to Enniscrone.[25] The British government expressed thanks and appreciation[26]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Collier SS Kerry Head (Capt. C Drummond) Inbound Swansea to Limerick. Bombed off Kinsale, survived this attack (but, see October 22). Responsibility was admitted by German Government and compensation paid.[27] [16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Meath (Capt. T. MacFariane) Belfast to Liverpool carrying 700 cattle, which all drowned. Mined and sunk off the South Stack, Holy Island, Anglesey - crew rescued by a local fishing trawler. Three crew wounded, all survived.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Lock Ryan (Capt. J. Nolan). Inbound Falmouth to Arklow. Bombed off Land's End - survived[28]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- City of Waterford (Capt. T. Freehill) bombed in Irish Sea - survived.[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Campile town was bombed, probably to stop Irish exports to Britain, 3 killed.[29]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Lanahrone rescues survivors from Goathland (British) off Kerry coast - 18 saved [30]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Luimneach (Capt. E. Jones) sunk by gunfire from U-46 in Bay of Biscay.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Edenvale (Capt. N. Gillespie) machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Waterford coast.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Tanker Kalliopi S (Greek) Inbound Halifax to Limerick. Bombed and sunk by Luftwaffe in Sheephaven Bay location 55°07′N 7°30′W / 55.11°N 7.5°W[31]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Trawler SS Kosmos machine-gunned by Luftwaffe north of Scotland.[16][14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Delphin (Greece) Inward Montreal to Cork with maize and wheat, torpedoed and sunk by U-103. All survived. [32]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Edenvale (Capt. N. Gillespie) Limerick to Dublin. Three miles off Helvic Head, Waterford. Attacked by Luftwaffe off the coast of Waterford. [33]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Kerry Head (Capt. C. Drummond). Bombed again, all 12 hands lost, in full view of watchers on Cape Clear Island.[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Hillfern (British) Inbound Sunderland to Cork with a cargo of coal sunk by Luftwaffe NE of Kinnaird Head. [34]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Ardmore (Capt. T. Ford) struck a mine and sank, off the Saltee Islands - 24 died[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Isolda (Capt. A. Bestic) a lightship tender, was sunk by Luftwaffe bombers, within sight of Carnsore Point - six killed, seven wounded[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Cambria (British-flagged), a passenger ferry had just left Dún Laoghaire for Holyhead was attacked by Luftwaffe which had bombed Sandycove railway station injuring three [35]. Hibernia (British-flagged) was berthing in Dún Laoghaire, a bomber swooped down, lights were extinguished and the bomber flew away[36]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Lanahrone. At anchor in Liverpool docks. Damaged by falling masonry during an air-raid.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Innisfallen (Capt. George Firth) - while leaving Liverpool with 157 passengers and 63 crew. She survived an air raid on the 20th, but on departing on the following afternoon, she hit a mine off Wirral shore near New Brighton and sank - four died.[37]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Menapia Inward Cardiff to Cork, mined, [16] survived
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glencullen (Capt. T. Waldron) Inward Barry to Dublin. Strafed by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glencree (Capt. Douglas McLean) Barry to Dublin. Strafed by Luftwaffe six miles northwest of Helwick Lighthouse, Rhossili.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Collier Saint Fintan (Capt. N. Hendry) Drogheda to Cardiff attacked by two Luftwaffe bombers, off the coast of Pembrokeshire and sunk with all hands - 9 dead.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Edenvale (Capt. T. Tyrrell) bombed and strafed by four Luftwaffe planes at the entrance to the Bristol Channel.[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS The Lady Belle (Capt. T. Donohue) Outward Dungarvan to Cardiff. bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Irish Sea.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Edenvale (Capt. T. Tyrrell) Inward Cardiff to Rosslare. Bombed and strafed (again) by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Dundalk damaged while at anchor in the river Mersey during an air raid.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Menapia (Capt C Bobels) Inward Port Talbot to Rosslare. Bombed and strafed by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast - 2 wounded.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Assaroe Outward Dublin to Douglas, Isle of Man. Attacked by Luftwaffe off Howth Head.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glenageary (Capt R. Simpson) Inward Barry to Dublin, bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS City of Waterford (Capt. W. Gibbons) Outward Dublin to Cardiff, bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast. 1 wounded[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Kyleclare (Capt. T. Hanrahan) Outward from Limerick to Liverpool, bombed off Waterford coast.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Ferry Saint Patrick (Capt. Jim Faraday), British flagged. Outward Rosslare for Fishguard, 12 miles from Strumble Head Lighthouse, bombed by Luftwaffe. 30 died.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Clonlara (Capt. Joseph Reynolds) Cardiff to Lisbon, in convoy OG71 ("Nightmare Convoy") rescued 13 from the Scottish ship Alva, but was later torpedoed and sunk by U-564 off the coast of Spain, - 13 survivors and 11 dead.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Schooner Crest (Capt. William Brent) wrecked following grounding on a sandbank in the Bristol Channel, while avoiding mines
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS City of Waterford (Capt T. Alpin) in convoy OG-74, collided with the Dutch tug Thames and sank in the North Atlantic, the crew were rescued by HMS Deptford and transferred to the Walmer Castle. Two days later Walmer Castle was bombed, killing five of the survivors from City of Waterford. [14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Kerlogue Inward Swansea to Wexford, struck a mine in Cardigan Bay[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Edenvale Outward Cork to Lisbon, off the Cork coast, aerial attack, presumed Luftwaffe.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glenageary (Capt. N. Kelly) Inward Barry to Dublin, Aerial attack[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Margaret Lockington Newry to Swansea, off the Waterford coast, Aerial attack[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Lanahrone Inward Vigo to Dublin, Off Saltee Islands, Aerial attack.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glencree Inward Newport, Monmouthshire to Dublin off the Welsh coast, aerial attack.[16] 2 wounded[14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Glencullen (Capt A Jones) Inward Barry to Dublin. Strafed in the Irish Sea[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Schooner Lock Ryan wrecked on Donegal coast.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS City of Bremen inbound Lisbon to Dublin, bombed in the Bay of Biscay [16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Rose rescues survivors from Wawaloam (American), sunk by U-86 in Atlantic, all 7 crew saved.[38]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Pine rescues survivors from Richmond Castle (British), sunk by U-176 in Atlantic, 19 saved. [39]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Willow rescues survivors from Empire Breeze (British), sunk by both U-438 and U-176 at 49°22′N 35°52′W / 49.367°N 35.867°W while in convoy ON-122, in Atlantic, 47 saved, 1 lost[40]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Larch rescues survivors from Stone Street (Panamanian), from convoy ON-127, sunk by U-594 in Atlantic, 40 saved, 13 lost.[41]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Pine Boston to Dublin, torpedoed and sunk by U-608, in North Atlantic, 33 died.[42]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Kyleclare (Capt F Dawson) bombed in the Bay of Biscay.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Poplar collided with launch Eileen and Cork harbour pilot Carraig-An-Cuan during force 8 gale, 5 died.[43]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS Kyleclare (Capt A Hamilton) Inbound Lisbon to Dublin with wheat and sugar torpedoed in North Atlantic position 48°30′N 13°12′W / 48.5°N 13.2°W by U-456, 18 died.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Oak Inbound Tampa, Florida to Dublin, torpedoed and sunk by U-607, 700 miles west of Ireland. Crew rescued by Irish Plane 8 hours later.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- SS City of Bremen (Palgrave Murphy) bombed and sunk in the Bay of Biscay all 11 crew lost.[16]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Kerlogue (Capt Desmond Fortune) attacked by RAF in the Bay of Biscay, four wounded.[16] Help refused by RAAF.
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- MV Kerlogue (Capt Thomas Donohue), with a crew of 11, rescued 164 Germans from the Bay of Biscay[44]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Cymric (Capt. C. Cassidy) lost between Ardrossan and Lisbon - 11 dead[45]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Irish Fir (Capt, J.P. Kelly) reports a 'near miss' torpedo attack in North Atlantic. [14]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Monmouth Coast (Capt. Albert Henry Standen) (British) Sligo to Liverpool, 80 miles from Sligo, torpedoed and sunk by U-1305, 16 died, 1 survived.[46]
- Error: All values must be integers (help)
- Motor Trawler FS Naomh Garbhan. off the Wexford Coast, struck a mine and sank - three died[16]
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
See Also
- Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II main article
- The Emergency (Ireland) - internal, national issues during World War II
- Irish neutrality during World War II - international relations
- MV Kerlogue - the exemplar of neutral Irish ships during World War Two.
- SS Irish Oak - sunk in controversial circumstances, mid-Atlantic
- ST Leukos - fishing trawler, lost with all hands
Notes
- ^ a b Featured in the film Moby Dick.
- ^ "The Emergency" was an official euphemism used by the Irish Government to refer to its position during World War II.
- ^ In Ireland it is the "Mercantile Marine"; in the United Kingdom it is the "Merchant Navy"; in the United States it is the "Merchant Marine". "Irish Mercantile Marine" refers to the fleet of Irish registered merchant ships, be they privately or government owned, engaged in the commerce or transportation of goods in and out of the navigable waters of Ireland.
Bibliography
- Forde, Frank (1981, reprinted 2000). The Long Watch. Dublin: New Island Books. ISBN 1 902602 42 0.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Griven, Brian (2006). The Emergency. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9781405000109.
- Gray, Tony (1997). The Lost Years. London: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0316881899.
- Coogan, Tim Pat (2003). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. London: Jutchinson. ISBN 0091794277.
- Kennedy, Michael (2008). Guarding Neutral Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781846820977.
- Eunan, O'Halpin (2008). Spying on Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253296.
- Spong, H. C. (1982). Irish Shipping Ltd., 1941-1982. World Ship Society. ISBN 9780905617206.
- MacGinty, Tom (1995). The Irish Navy. Tralee: The Kerryman. ISBN 0946277222.
- Wills, Clair (2007). That Neutral Island. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571221059.
- Carroll, Joseph T (1998). Ireland in the war years. International Scholars Publications. ISBN 9781573091862.
- Dwyer, T Ryle (1982). De Valera's Finest Hour. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 0853426759.
- Fisk, Robert (1983). In Time of War. London: André Deutsch. ISBN 0233975144.
(Later republished as:Fisk, Robert (1996). In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality, 1939-45. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 9780717124114.{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)) - McIvor, Aidan (1994). A History of the Irish Naval Service. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0716525232.
- Share, Bernard (1978). The Emergency. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 71710916X.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)
References
- ^ "Existence of National Emergency". Dáil debates. 77. Government of Ireland: pp. 19–20. 1939-09-02. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gray, page 34
- ^ "M/S Knute Nelson". Norwegian Homefleet WW II. warsailors.com. Retrieved 2009 August 26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Dáil Éireann - Volume 77". Sinking of Ships. Parliamentary Debates -. 27 September 1939. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ "House of Commons Debate 21 February 1939 vol 344 cc216-7W". Ships Built Abroad. Hansard. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ Coogan, page 250
- ^ Coogan, Tim Pat (1995). De Valera. London: Arrow Books. p. 569. ISBN 0099958600..
- ^ Carroll, Joseph T (1997). Ireland in the war years. nternational Scholars Publications. p. 90. ISBN 9781573091862.
- ^ "Dáil Éireann - Volume 77". Sinking of Ships. Parliamentary Debates -. 27 September, 1939. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Inverliffeywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Dáil Éireann - Volume 77". Sinking of Ships. Parliamentary Debates -. 27 September, 1939. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) No calulaties}} - ^ Dywer, T Ryle (01 October 1999). "'Submarines in the bog holes': West Kerry's experience of World War II". Kerryman http://www.kerryman.ie/. Retrieved 2009 August 23.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help); External link in|publisher= - ^ "D/S Enid". warsailors.com. Retrieved 2009 August 26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Forde, Appendix 3
- ^ "Cato". Allied Ships hit by U-boats. uboat.net. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Dáil Éireann - Volume 103". Damage to Merchant Ships. Parliamentary Debates. 23 October 1946. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ Kindell, Don. "Naval Events". British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
On the 11th, Dutch steamer Amor (2325grt) was sunk in 51‑24N, 02‑09E, eight miles NW of Fairy Bank Buoy; the entire crew was rescued by Irish steamer City of Bremen (903grt).
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Naval Events, May 1940". Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "VIOLANDO N. GOULANDRIS". Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history. ubootwaffe.net. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ Stephan, Enno (1963). Spies in Ireland. Four Square. p. 124.
- ^ "FRANGOULA B GOULANDRIS". Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history. ubootwaffe.net. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ "PETSAMO". Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history. ubootwaffe.net. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ "Ia". Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history. ubootwaffe.net. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ "NAFTILOS". Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history. ubootwaffe.net. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/439.html
- ^ Forde, page 69
- ^ Gray, page 105
- ^ "Dáil Éireann - Volume 81". Bombing of Motor Vessel. Parliamentary Debates -. 05 February 1941. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Campile Bombing". Scoil Mhuire. May 2003. Retrieved 2009 August 26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Forde, page 69
- ^ "Wrecks List". Irish Shipwrecks. Retrieved 2009 August 26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=103;nr=4
- ^ Kennedy, page 107
- ^ Pears, Brian. "Incidents". North-East Diary 1939-1945. Retrieved 2009 August 26.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ The storm passed by: Ireland and the battle of the Atlantic, 1940-41, Part 760 By Trevor Allen page 63
- ^ Kennedy page 175
- ^ Forde, page 27
- ^ "Wawaloam". Allied Ships hit by U-boats. uboat.net. Retrieved 2009 August 24.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ John Derrick, John Derrick. "THE LOSS OF THE "RICHMOND CASTLE"". Recollections. British and Commonwealth Shipping Company. Retrieved 2009 August 24.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Empire Breeze". Allied Ships hit by U-boats. uboat.net. Retrieved 2009 August 24.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Amborski, Leonard E (2001). The Last Voyage. Lightning Source. ISBN 9780615122175.
- ^ Woulfe, Jimmy (Wednesday, May 25, 2005). "World War II seaman to receive posthumous honour". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ MacGinty, page 58
- ^ MacGinty, page 55
- ^ "History - Harbour Masters Capt. Cassedy". Dún Laoghaire Harbour Company. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
- ^ http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/3503.html
