Slave rebellion: Difference between revisions
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In 1808 and 1825 there were slave rebellions in the [[Cape Colony]], newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the [[British Empire]] by the [[Slave Trade Act]] of 1807, it took |
In 1808 and 1825 there were slave rebellions in the [[Cape Colony]], newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the [[British Empire]] by the [[Slave Trade Act]] of 1807, and slavery itself a generation later with the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]], it took until 1850 to be halted in the territories which were to become [[South Africa]]. |
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<ref>Giliomee, Hermann (2003). "The Afrikaners", Chapter 4 - Masters, Slaves and Servants, the fear of gelykstelling, Page 93,94</ref> |
<ref>Giliomee, Hermann (2003). "The Afrikaners", Chapter 4 - Masters, Slaves and Servants, the fear of gelykstelling, Page 93,94</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:35, 28 August 2007
A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery, and are amongst the most feared events for slave owners. Famous historic slave rebellions have been led by Denmark Vesey; the Roman slave Spartacus; the thrall Tunni who rebelled against the Swedish king Ongenþeow, a rebellion that needed Danish assistance to be quelled; Madison Washington during the Creole case in 19th century America; and Granny Nanny of the Maroons who rebelled against the British in Jamaica.
North America
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Numerous slave rebellions and insurrections took place in North America during the 18th and 19th centuries. There is documentary evidence of more than 250 uprisings or attempted uprisings involving ten or more slaves. Three of the best known in the United States are the revolts by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia in 1800, Denmark Vesey in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, and Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.
Slave resistance in the antebellum South finally became the focus of historical scholarship in the 1940s, when historian Herbert Aptheker started publishing the first serious scholarly work on the subject. Aptheker stressed how the rebellion was rooted in the exploitative conditions of the Southern slave system. He traversed libraries and archives throughout the South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances, though none of them reached the scale of the Nat Turner uprising.
John Brown had already conducted several massacres of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas, when he decided to lead a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (West Virginia was not yet a state). This raid was an attempt by a handful of white men to cause a slave revolt in the South. It failed in this attempt; in fact, the first man they killed was a local freed black man.
Nat Turner, a slave himself, led a revolt in Southhampton, Virginia. Turner, who was a natural preacher, led a small revolt of some 40 slaves and before being caught was able to kill some 55 white slave owners. Though the morale of the average slave may have been raised a bit, among the white Southern population it only raised fears of other slave revolts and made them resent and distrust the slaves even more than they did already.
List of North American slave revolts
- New York Revolt of 1712
- Stono Rebellion (1739)
- New York Slave Insurrection of 1741
- Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)
- Chatham Manor Rebellion (1805)
- Louisiana Territory Slave Rebellion, led by Charles Deslandes (1811)
- George Boxley Rebellion (1815)
- Denmark Vesey's Uprising (1822)
- Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831)
- Black Seminole Slave Rebellion (1835-1838)
- Amistad Seizure (1839)
- John Brown raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1859)
South America and Caribbean
- Slave revolt around 1570, led by Gaspar Yanga near Veracruz, Mexico; the group then escaped to the highlands and built a free colony.
- Quilombo dos Palmares in Brazil most famously led by Zumbi.
- The most successful slave uprising in the Americas was that the Haitian Revolution, which began in 1791 and was eventually led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, culminating in the independent balck republic of Haiti.
- Panama also has an extensive history of slave rebellions going back to the 16th century. Slaves were brought to the isthmus from many regions in Africa now in modern day countries like the Congo, Senegal, Guinea, and Mozambique. Immediately before their arrival on shore, or very soon after, many enslaved Africans revolted against their captors, or participated in mass maroonage, or desertion. The freed Africans founded communities in the forests and mountains, organized guerrilla bands known as Cimarrones, and began a long guerrilla war against the Spanish Conquistadores, sometimes in conjunction with nearby indigenous communities like the Kuna and the Guaymí. Despite massacres by the Spanish, the rebels fought until the Spanish crown was forced to concede to treaties that granted the Africans a life without Spanish violence and incursions. The leaders of the guerrilla revolts included Felipillo, Bayano, Juan de Dioso, Domingo Congo, Antón Mandinga, and Luis de Mozambique.
- Tacky's War (1760)
- Suriname, constant guerrilla warfare by Maroons, in 1765-1793 by the Aluku led by Boni
- Berbice, 1763 slave revolt, led by Cuffy
- Curaçao, 1795 slave revolt, led by Tula
- Venezuela, José Leonardo Chirino's Insurrection 1795
- Barbados, 1816 slave revolt, led by Bussa
- Guyana, The Demerara Rebellions of 1795 and 1823[1]
- Jamaica's Baptist War, 1831-1832, led by the Baptist preacher, Samuel Sharpe.
- Bahia Rebellion of 1835 (The Great Revolt)(Brazil)[2].
- Bahia Rebellion of 1822-1830(Brazil)[2].
- Bahia Rebellion of 1835 (Brazil)[2].
- In the British Virgin Islands, minor slave revolts occurred in 1790, 1823 and 1830.
Europe
Probably the most famous slave rebellion in Europe was that led by Spartacus in Roman Italy, the Third Servile War. This was the third in a series of unrelated Servile Wars fought by slaves to the Romans.
Africa
In 1808 and 1825 there were slave rebellions in the Cape Colony, newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act of 1807, and slavery itself a generation later with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, it took until 1850 to be halted in the territories which were to become South Africa. [3]
Middle East
The Zanj Revolt took place in Southern Iraq near the city of Basra between 869 and 879 CE. They were led by ˤAlī ibn Muħammad, who claimed descent from ˤAlī, the fourth Caliph, in a campaign against the central government based in Samarra. Bedouins, Arab mercenaries, and others from the region joined ˤAlī's fight against the central government.
Many scholars [who?] have argued that "the Zanj" were slaves from East Africa, since the term Zanj describes the East African coast. There were large numbers of people imported from East Africa via Somali and Ethiopian ports from as far as Southern Sudan. The slaves were mainly used to work on the massive irrigation projects of the area. The origin of the word "Zanj" comes from Persian, and is related to the names in East Africa of "Zanzibar" which is also known to have 9th century links to the Middle East.[4].
Bibliography
- Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 6. ed., New York : International Publ., 1993 - classic
- David P. Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001
- Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World, Louisiana State University Press 1980
- Joao Jose Reis, Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia (Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture), Johns Hopkins Univ Press 1993
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007.
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007.
External links
- PBS online article: New York: The Revolt of 1712
- Rebellion: John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery, these maroons affiliated with Seminole Indians in Florida led a slave rebellion that would be the largest in U.S. history.
- Bahia Revolt
- Hahn, Steven. "The Greatest Slave Rebellion in Modern History: Southern Slaves in the American Civil War" Southern Spaces
References and notes
- ^ McGowan, Winston (2006). "The 1763 and 1823 slave rebellions". Starbroeck News. Retrieved December 07.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c ""A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "". "Muhammad Shareef".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Giliomee, Hermann (2003). "The Afrikaners", Chapter 4 - Masters, Slaves and Servants, the fear of gelykstelling, Page 93,94
- ^ ""Zanj Rebellion"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah".
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