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The '''1970 Omani coup d'état''' was the overthrow of [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] [[Said bin Taimur]] by his son [[Qaboos bin Said]] in [[Oman]] on 23 July 1970. Occurring in the midst of the [[Dhofar War]], the [[palace coup]] was executed with the British and saw Sultan Said bin Taimur deposed and sent into exile to the [[United Kingdom]]. The coup was a pivotal moment in modern Omani history as Qaboos swiftly set in motion numerous wide-ranging modernisation reforms in the sultanate, transforming Oman from an underdeveloped backwater into a country on par with many [[Western world|Western]] states in terms of political stability and economic development. At the time of his death in January 2020, Sultan Qaboos was the [[Current reigning monarchs by length of reign|longest-serving ruler]] in the [[Middle East]].
The '''1970 Omani coup d'état''' was the overthrow of [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] [[Said bin Taimur]] by his son [[Qaboos bin Said]] in [[Oman]] on 23 July 1970. Occurring in the midst of the [[Dhofar War]], the [[palace coup]] was executed with the British and saw Said deposed and sent into exile to the [[United Kingdom]]. The coup was a pivotal moment in modern Omani history as Qaboos swiftly set in motion numerous wide-ranging modernisation reforms in the sultanate, transforming Oman from an underdeveloped backwater into a country on par with many [[Western world|Western]] states in terms of political stability and economic development. At the time of his death in January 2020, Sultan Qaboos was the [[Current reigning monarchs by length of reign|longest-serving ruler]] in the [[Middle East]].


==Background==
==Background==
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Beginning at the end of the 19th century, Oman gradually came under the influence of the [[British Empire]] through a series of treaties and diplomatic arrangements. Eventually, the Omani Sultan became increasingly reliant on Britain for support and advice. The Sultanate's primary sources of revenue, notably the [[Arab slave trade|slave trade]] and [[Arms trafficking|arms dealing]], were prohibited by the British, resulting in confrontations between the Omani authorities and tribesmen in the country's interior. These confrontations led to Oman seeking military support from the British who agreed to defend Sultan [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]] from attempts at overthrowing him.<ref name="Author 2014">{{cite web |last=Owtram |first=Francis |date=2014-12-11 |title=A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman since 1750 |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750 |access-date=2018-01-18 |website=Qatar Digital Library}}</ref>
Beginning at the end of the 19th century, Oman gradually came under the influence of the [[British Empire]] through a series of treaties and diplomatic arrangements. Eventually, the Omani Sultan became increasingly reliant on Britain for support and advice. The Sultanate's primary sources of revenue, notably the [[Arab slave trade|slave trade]] and [[Arms trafficking|arms dealing]], were prohibited by the British, resulting in confrontations between the Omani authorities and tribesmen in the country's interior. These confrontations led to Oman seeking military support from the British who agreed to defend Sultan [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]] from attempts at overthrowing him.<ref name="Author 2014">{{cite web |last=Owtram |first=Francis |date=2014-12-11 |title=A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman since 1750 |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750 |access-date=2018-01-18 |website=Qatar Digital Library}}</ref>


In 1913, Sultan [[Taimur bin Feisal]] took the reins of Oman and brought back the kingdom to a more stable financial footing and quelled tribal unrest in the country.<ref name="UCA">{{cite web | title=7. Oman (1912-present) | website=UCA | url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/oman-1912-present/ | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> He ruled until his abdication in 1932 at which point his eldest son, [[Said bin Taimur]], took over as Sultan.
In 1913, Sultan [[Taimur bin Feisal]] took the reins of Oman and brought back the kingdom to a more stable financial footing and quelled tribal unrest in the country.<ref name="UCA">{{cite web | title=7. Oman (1912-present) | website=UCA | url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/oman-1912-present/ | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> He ruled until his abdication in 1932 at which point his eldest son, [[Said bin Taimur]], took over as Sultan. Under Said's rule, Oman became increasingly [[Isolationism|isolationist]] and underdeveloped. Internal unrest flourished such as in the case of the [[Jebel Akhdar War|Jebel Akhdar]] and [[Dhofar War|Dhofar]] wars. Said became increasingly reliant on the British to maintain control in his own country, which he refused to rule in a modern manner, at one point refusing to even leave his palace after an assassination attempt. The Dhofar War was a [[Communism|communist]] insurgency launched in 1963 and had gripped the country since then, pitting British-led Omani troops against the insurgents primarily in the southern part of the country.<ref name="Pikes 2018">{{cite web | last=Pike | first=John | title=The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976 | website=GlobalSecurity.org | date=2018-01-17 | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> The [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces|Sultan's Armed Forces]] (SAF) were under ''de facto'' British command. British Colonel [[Hugh Oldman]] commanded the Sultan's troops in [[Muscat]], while Brigadier [[John Graham (British Army officer, born 1923)|John Graham]] was the overall commander of the SAF.<ref name="Skeet1992">{{cite book|author=I. Skeet|title=Oman: Politics and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|date=2 June 1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37692-2|pages=35–}}</ref>


Under Sultan Said bin Taimur's rule, Oman became increasingly [[Isolationism|isolationist]] and underdeveloped. Internal unrest flourished such as in the case of the [[Jebel Akhdar War|Jebel Akhdar]] and [[Dhofar War|Dhofar]] wars. Sultan bin Taimur became increasingly reliant on the British to maintain control in his own country, which he refused to rule in a modern manner, at one point refusing to even leave his palace after an assassination attempt. The Dhofar War was a [[Communism|communist]] insurgency launched in 1963 and had gripped the country since then, pitting British-led Omani troops against the insurgents primarily in the southern part of the country.<ref name="Pikes 2018">{{cite web | last=Pike | first=John | title=The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976 | website=GlobalSecurity.org | date=2018-01-17 | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> The [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces|Sultan's Armed Forces]] (SAF) were under de facto British command. British Colonel [[Hugh Oldman]] commanded the Sultan's troops in [[Muscat]], while Brigadier [[John Graham (British Army officer, born 1923)|John Graham]] was the overall commander of the SAF.<ref name="Skeet1992">{{cite book|author=I. Skeet|title=Oman: Politics and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|date=2 June 1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37692-2|pages=35–}}</ref> By 1970, all of the country's only major source of revenue, [[Petrodollar recycling|petrodollars]], was either going to fighting insurgents or directly into the sultan's coffers.<ref name="Pike 2018">{{cite web | last=Pike | first=John | title=The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976 | website=GlobalSecurity.org | date=2018-01-21 | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm | access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Sultan bin Taimur's poor leadership of the country and over-reliance on British military support aggravated the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], who began to view Taimur's deposition as the only viable way to defeating Oman's growing communist insurgency.<ref name="Worrall2013">{{cite book|author=James J. Worrall|title=State Building and Counter Insurgency in Oman: Political, Military and Diplomatic Relations at the End of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw9gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|date=18 December 2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-634-9|pages=292–}}</ref> British officials contacted the Sultan's 29-year-old son, [[Qaboos bin Said|Qaboos bin Said al Said]], a graduate of the British [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] military academy who was under [[house arrest]] per his father's orders. [[Cassette tape|Cassette tapes]] with voice messages were sent to Qaboos, informing him of the plan the United Kingdom was concocting to topple his father. Qaboos agreed and the operation proceeded.<ref name="Geraghty2012">{{cite book|author=Tony Geraghty|title=Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT24|date=12 March 2012|publisher=Pegasus Books|isbn=978-1-60598-761-3|pages=24–}}</ref><ref>Jones, Ridout, Jeremy, Nicholas (2015). A History of Modern Oman. Cambridge University Press. p. 146.</ref>
By 1970, all of the country's only major source of revenue, [[Petrodollar recycling|petrodollars]], was either going to fighting insurgents or directly into the sultan's coffers.<ref name="Pike 2018">{{cite web | last=Pike | first=John | title=The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976 | website=GlobalSecurity.org | date=2018-01-21 | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm | access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Said's poor leadership of the country and over-reliance on British military support aggravated the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], who began to view his deposition as the only viable way to defeating Oman's growing communist insurgency.<ref name="Worrall2013">{{cite book|author=James J. Worrall|title=State Building and Counter Insurgency in Oman: Political, Military and Diplomatic Relations at the End of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw9gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|date=18 December 2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-634-9|pages=292–}}</ref> British officials contacted the Sultan's 29-year-old son, [[Qaboos bin Said]], a graduate of the British [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] military academy who was under [[house arrest]] per his father's orders. [[Cassette tape|Cassette tapes]] with voice messages were sent to Qaboos, informing him of the plan the United Kingdom was concocting to topple his father. Qaboos agreed and the operation proceeded.<ref name="Geraghty2012">{{cite book|author=Tony Geraghty|title=Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT24|date=12 March 2012|publisher=Pegasus Books|isbn=978-1-60598-761-3|pages=24–}}</ref><ref>Jones, Ridout, Jeremy, Nicholas (2015). A History of Modern Oman. Cambridge University Press. p. 146.</ref>


==Coup==
==Coup==
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On 23 July 1970, British-led military units were being put into position to topple the Sultan. Graham convened the top Arab commanders of the Desert Regiment, the main Omani unit that would carry out the coup, and informed them of the letter sent to them by Qaboos which "commanded" the British officers to carry out the coup. The meeting secured their loyalty and cooperation.<ref name="Ling 2011 p. 28">{{cite book | last=Ling | first=C. | title=Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life | publisher=Mainstream Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-84596-831-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC&pg=PT28 | language=eu | access-date=2018-01-21 | page=28}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 1970">{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Dana Adams | title=Coup in Oman: Out of Arabian Nights Into 20th Century | website=The New York Times | date=1970-09-05 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/05/archives/coup-in-oman-out-of-arabian-nights-into-20th-century.html | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>
On 23 July 1970, British-led military units were being put into position to topple the Sultan. Graham convened the top Arab commanders of the Desert Regiment, the main Omani unit that would carry out the coup, and informed them of the letter sent to them by Qaboos which "commanded" the British officers to carry out the coup. The meeting secured their loyalty and cooperation.<ref name="Ling 2011 p. 28">{{cite book | last=Ling | first=C. | title=Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life | publisher=Mainstream Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-84596-831-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC&pg=PT28 | language=eu | access-date=2018-01-21 | page=28}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 1970">{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Dana Adams | title=Coup in Oman: Out of Arabian Nights Into 20th Century | website=The New York Times | date=1970-09-05 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/05/archives/coup-in-oman-out-of-arabian-nights-into-20th-century.html | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>


The troops arrived at the [[Al Hosn Palace]] in [[Salalah]], [[Oman]] and met no resistance. The tribal [[sheikh]] of the five hundred guardsmen entrusted to defend the palace's exterior had been persuaded by the British to order his men to stand down prior to the coup. The remainder of the coup was carried out predominantly by [[Arab]] troops in order to mask the extent of the involvement of the British in the operation. During the coup, Said bin Taimur shot Sheikh Braik Al Ghafri, a coup plotter and son of a prominent Omani governor in the stomach before accidentally shooting himself in the foot as he cocked his pistol. Said bin Taimur managed to briefly escape with a few confidantes and bodyguards down a series of hidden passageways and tunnels but was recaptured quickly. The wounded sultan urged his adviser to send an urgent message to Oldman informing him of the events that had transpired, which Oldman being a coup planner ignored.<ref name="Ling 2011 p. 28">{{cite book | last=Ling | first=C. | title=Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life | publisher=Mainstream Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-84596-831-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC&pg=PT28 | language=eu | access-date=2018-01-21 | page=28}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 1970">{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Dana Adams | title=Coup in Oman: Out of Arabian Nights Into 20th Century | website=The New York Times | date=1970-09-05 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/05/archives/coup-in-oman-out-of-arabian-nights-into-20th-century.html | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> The coup ended when Said bin Taimur signed a document of abdication, handing over the reins of the country to his son, Qaboos. Bin Taimur was flown out of the country on an [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Bristol Britannia]], first to [[Bahrain]] for medical treatment and then on to [[London]] where he lived the remaining two years of his life in a suite in [[The Dorchester]], a luxury hotel.<ref name="Takriti2016">{{cite book|author=Abdel Razzaq Takriti|title=Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965-1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwbnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|date=25 August 2016|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-251561-2|pages=198–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1557161/Brigadier-Tim-Landon.html|title=Brigadier Tim Landon|date=July 11, 2007|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
The troops arrived at the Al Hosn Palace in [[Salalah]] and were met with no resistance. The tribal [[sheikh]] of the five hundred guardsmen entrusted to defend the palace's exterior had been persuaded by the British to order his men to stand down prior to the coup. The remainder of the coup was carried out predominantly by [[Arab]] troops in order to mask the extent of the involvement of the British in the operation. During the coup, the Sultan shot Sheikh Braik Al Ghafri, a coup plotter and son of a prominent Omani governor in the stomach before accidentally shooting himself in the foot as he cocked his pistol. Said managed to briefly escape with a few confidantes and bodyguards down a series of hidden passageways and tunnels but was recaptured quickly. The wounded sultan urged his adviser to send an urgent message to Oldman informing him of the events that had transpired, which Oldman being a coup planner ignored.<ref name="Ling 2011 p. 28">{{cite book | last=Ling | first=C. | title=Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life | publisher=Mainstream Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-84596-831-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC&pg=PT28 | language=eu | access-date=2018-01-21 | page=28}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 1970">{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Dana Adams | title=Coup in Oman: Out of Arabian Nights Into 20th Century | website=The New York Times | date=1970-09-05 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/05/archives/coup-in-oman-out-of-arabian-nights-into-20th-century.html | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> The coup ended when Said signed a document of abdication, handing over the reins of the country to his son, Qaboos. Said was flown out of the country on an [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Bristol Britannia]], first to [[Bahrain]] for medical treatment and then on to [[London]] where he lived the remaining two years of his life in a suite in [[The Dorchester]], a luxury hotel.<ref name="Takriti2016">{{cite book|author=Abdel Razzaq Takriti|title=Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965-1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwbnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|date=25 August 2016|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-251561-2|pages=198–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1557161/Brigadier-Tim-Landon.html|title=Brigadier Tim Landon|date=July 11, 2007|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[File:Oman. Dhofar 1971 (8615016733).jpg|thumb|left|An oil rig in Oman, photographed in 1971.]]
[[File:Oman. Dhofar 1971 (8615016733).jpg|thumb|left|An oil rig in Oman, photographed in 1971]]


Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] immediately set on his priorities of modernizing the country and defeating the insurgency in the newly renamed [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]]'s interior. Prior to taking the throne, Oman had no [[secondary school]]s, only one [[hospital]], and a total of {{Convert|10|km|mi|spell=in}} of paved roads.<ref name="Limbertz 2010 p. 6">{{cite book | last=Limbert | first=M. | title=In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8047-5626-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgqwwBRc4eQC&pg=PA6 | access-date=2018-01-18 | page=6}}</ref> He redirected the country's oil revenue to economic initiatives, moving the country away from [[subsistence farming]] and [[fishing]], and building modern infrastructure. Schools were built, the country was electrified, numerous roads were paved, and [[Western world|Western]] media ceased labelling the country as "medieval". [[Slavery in Oman]] was abolished, and by 1980, Oman had 28 hospitals, 363 schools, and {{Convert|12000|km|mi}} of paved roads.<ref name="Limbert 2010 p. 4">{{cite book | last=Limbert | first=M. | title=In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8047-5626-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgqwwBRc4eQC&pg=PA4 | access-date=2018-01-18 | page=4}}</ref> In addition, the [[Consultative Assembly (Oman)|Majlis Al-Shura]] was established with the power to review legislation and call government ministers to meet with them.<ref name="Vaidya Chief 2011">{{cite web | last1=Vaidya | first1=Sunil K. | title=Oman's Sultan Qaboos gives larger role to Shura | website=GulfNews.com | date=2011-10-21 | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/oman-s-sultan-qaboos-gives-larger-role-to-shura-1.910984 | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker 2014">{{cite magazine | title=A Test for Oman and Its Sultan | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2014-12-08 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>
Qaboos, now the new Sultan, immediately set on his priorities of modernizing the country and defeating the insurgency in the newly renamed [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]]'s interior. Prior to taking the throne, Oman had no [[secondary school]]s, only one [[hospital]], and a total of {{Convert|10|km|mi|spell=in}} of paved roads.<ref name="Limbertz 2010 p. 6">{{cite book | last=Limbert | first=M. | title=In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8047-5626-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgqwwBRc4eQC&pg=PA6 | access-date=2018-01-18 | page=6}}</ref> He redirected the country's oil revenue to economic initiatives, moving the country away from [[subsistence farming]] and [[fishing]], and building modern infrastructure. Schools were built, the country was electrified, numerous roads were paved, and [[Western world|Western]] media ceased labelling the country as "medieval". [[Slavery in Oman]] was abolished, and by 1980, Oman had 28 hospitals, 363 schools, and {{Convert|12000|km|mi}} of paved roads.<ref name="Limbert 2010 p. 4">{{cite book | last=Limbert | first=M. | title=In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8047-5626-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgqwwBRc4eQC&pg=PA4 | access-date=2018-01-18 | page=4}}</ref> In addition, the [[Consultative Assembly (Oman)|Majlis Al-Shura]] was established with the power to review legislation and call government ministers to meet with them.<ref name="Vaidya Chief 2011">{{cite web | last1=Vaidya | first1=Sunil K. | title=Oman's Sultan Qaboos gives larger role to Shura | website=GulfNews.com | date=2011-10-21 | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/oman-s-sultan-qaboos-gives-larger-role-to-shura-1.910984 | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker 2014">{{cite magazine | title=A Test for Oman and Its Sultan | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2014-12-08 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>


The success of the [[Dhofar War]] which was proving to be a formidable challenge for the state was reversed with the removal of Taimur. Qaboos launched a concerted £400 million effort to modernize the Omani military, even founding [[Royal Navy of Oman|a navy]] to protect the country's oil exports. The communist rebels gradually lost their foreign support from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]] after a string of military defeats. This, coupled with mounting international opposition to the rebellion including the deployment of [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iranian]] troops in 1973 led to a final defeat of the rebels in 1976.<ref name="Pike 2018"/> Internal unrest in Oman successfully ended owing to an initiative by Qaboos to include all ethnic and tribal groups into the administration of the country and granting [[amnesty]] for former rebels.<ref name="Vaidya Chief 2011">{{cite web | last1=Vaidya | first1=Sunil K. | title=Oman's Sultan Qaboos gives larger role to Shura | website=GulfNews.com | date=2011-10-21 | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/oman-s-sultan-qaboos-gives-larger-role-to-shura-1.910984 | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker 2014">{{cite magazine | title=A Test for Oman and Its Sultan | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2014-12-08 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>
The success of the [[Dhofar War]] which was proving to be a formidable challenge for the state was reversed with the removal of Taimur. Qaboos launched a concerted £400 million effort to modernize the Omani military, even founding [[Royal Navy of Oman|a navy]] to protect the country's oil exports. The communist rebels gradually lost their foreign support from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]] after a string of military defeats. This, coupled with mounting international opposition to the rebellion including the deployment of [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iranian]] troops in 1973 led to a final defeat of the rebels in 1976.<ref name="Pike 2018"/> Internal unrest in Oman successfully ended owing to an initiative by Qaboos to include all ethnic and tribal groups into the administration of the country and granting [[amnesty]] for former rebels.<ref name="Vaidya Chief 2011">{{cite web | last1=Vaidya | first1=Sunil K. | title=Oman's Sultan Qaboos gives larger role to Shura | website=GulfNews.com | date=2011-10-21 | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/oman-s-sultan-qaboos-gives-larger-role-to-shura-1.910984 | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker 2014">{{cite magazine | title=A Test for Oman and Its Sultan | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2014-12-08 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan | access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:10, 28 January 2025

1970 Omani coup d'état

The al-Husn palace where the coup took place
Date23 July 1970
Location
Salalah, Oman
17°01′11″N 54°05′23″E / 17.01972°N 54.08972°E / 17.01972; 54.08972
Result

Coup successful

Belligerents
Muscat and Oman Oman Coup officers
 United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Said bin Taimur (WIA) Oman Qaboos bin Said
United Kingdom John Graham
United Kingdom Hugh Oldman
Casualties and losses
1 wounded 1 wounded
1970 Omani coup is located in Oman
1970 Omani coup
1970 Omani coup
class=notpageimage|
Location within Oman

The 1970 Omani coup d'état was the overthrow of Sultan of Oman Said bin Taimur by his son Qaboos bin Said in Oman on 23 July 1970. Occurring in the midst of the Dhofar War, the palace coup was executed with the British and saw Said deposed and sent into exile to the United Kingdom. The coup was a pivotal moment in modern Omani history as Qaboos swiftly set in motion numerous wide-ranging modernisation reforms in the sultanate, transforming Oman from an underdeveloped backwater into a country on par with many Western states in terms of political stability and economic development. At the time of his death in January 2020, Sultan Qaboos was the longest-serving ruler in the Middle East.

Background

Beginning at the end of the 19th century, Oman gradually came under the influence of the British Empire through a series of treaties and diplomatic arrangements. Eventually, the Omani Sultan became increasingly reliant on Britain for support and advice. The Sultanate's primary sources of revenue, notably the slave trade and arms dealing, were prohibited by the British, resulting in confrontations between the Omani authorities and tribesmen in the country's interior. These confrontations led to Oman seeking military support from the British who agreed to defend Sultan Faisal bin Turki from attempts at overthrowing him.[1]

In 1913, Sultan Taimur bin Feisal took the reins of Oman and brought back the kingdom to a more stable financial footing and quelled tribal unrest in the country.[2] He ruled until his abdication in 1932 at which point his eldest son, Said bin Taimur, took over as Sultan. Under Said's rule, Oman became increasingly isolationist and underdeveloped. Internal unrest flourished such as in the case of the Jebel Akhdar and Dhofar wars. Said became increasingly reliant on the British to maintain control in his own country, which he refused to rule in a modern manner, at one point refusing to even leave his palace after an assassination attempt. The Dhofar War was a communist insurgency launched in 1963 and had gripped the country since then, pitting British-led Omani troops against the insurgents primarily in the southern part of the country.[3] The Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) were under de facto British command. British Colonel Hugh Oldman commanded the Sultan's troops in Muscat, while Brigadier John Graham was the overall commander of the SAF.[4]

By 1970, all of the country's only major source of revenue, petrodollars, was either going to fighting insurgents or directly into the sultan's coffers.[5] Said's poor leadership of the country and over-reliance on British military support aggravated the British government, who began to view his deposition as the only viable way to defeating Oman's growing communist insurgency.[6] British officials contacted the Sultan's 29-year-old son, Qaboos bin Said, a graduate of the British Sandhurst military academy who was under house arrest per his father's orders. Cassette tapes with voice messages were sent to Qaboos, informing him of the plan the United Kingdom was concocting to topple his father. Qaboos agreed and the operation proceeded.[7][8]

Coup

On 23 July 1970, British-led military units were being put into position to topple the Sultan. Graham convened the top Arab commanders of the Desert Regiment, the main Omani unit that would carry out the coup, and informed them of the letter sent to them by Qaboos which "commanded" the British officers to carry out the coup. The meeting secured their loyalty and cooperation.[9][10]

The troops arrived at the Al Hosn Palace in Salalah and were met with no resistance. The tribal sheikh of the five hundred guardsmen entrusted to defend the palace's exterior had been persuaded by the British to order his men to stand down prior to the coup. The remainder of the coup was carried out predominantly by Arab troops in order to mask the extent of the involvement of the British in the operation. During the coup, the Sultan shot Sheikh Braik Al Ghafri, a coup plotter and son of a prominent Omani governor in the stomach before accidentally shooting himself in the foot as he cocked his pistol. Said managed to briefly escape with a few confidantes and bodyguards down a series of hidden passageways and tunnels but was recaptured quickly. The wounded sultan urged his adviser to send an urgent message to Oldman informing him of the events that had transpired, which Oldman being a coup planner ignored.[9][10] The coup ended when Said signed a document of abdication, handing over the reins of the country to his son, Qaboos. Said was flown out of the country on an RAF Bristol Britannia, first to Bahrain for medical treatment and then on to London where he lived the remaining two years of his life in a suite in The Dorchester, a luxury hotel.[11][12]

Aftermath

An oil rig in Oman, photographed in 1971

Qaboos, now the new Sultan, immediately set on his priorities of modernizing the country and defeating the insurgency in the newly renamed Sultanate of Oman's interior. Prior to taking the throne, Oman had no secondary schools, only one hospital, and a total of ten kilometres (6.2 mi) of paved roads.[13] He redirected the country's oil revenue to economic initiatives, moving the country away from subsistence farming and fishing, and building modern infrastructure. Schools were built, the country was electrified, numerous roads were paved, and Western media ceased labelling the country as "medieval". Slavery in Oman was abolished, and by 1980, Oman had 28 hospitals, 363 schools, and 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) of paved roads.[14] In addition, the Majlis Al-Shura was established with the power to review legislation and call government ministers to meet with them.[15][16]

The success of the Dhofar War which was proving to be a formidable challenge for the state was reversed with the removal of Taimur. Qaboos launched a concerted £400 million effort to modernize the Omani military, even founding a navy to protect the country's oil exports. The communist rebels gradually lost their foreign support from the Soviet Union and China after a string of military defeats. This, coupled with mounting international opposition to the rebellion including the deployment of Iranian troops in 1973 led to a final defeat of the rebels in 1976.[5] Internal unrest in Oman successfully ended owing to an initiative by Qaboos to include all ethnic and tribal groups into the administration of the country and granting amnesty for former rebels.[15][16]

The involvement of the British government as a whole in the coup was denied for forty years with the official government narrative being the coup was carried out predominantly by Arab troops with their British commanders taking part on personal initiative. In truth, the coup had been planned by MI6, the Foreign Office, and the Ministry of Defence and given the go-ahead by prime minister Edward Heath.[17] Contingency planning of the event showed that Qaboos would have been kept under the protection of British troops then flown out of the country should the coup have failed.[18]

References

  1. ^ Owtram, Francis (2014-12-11). "A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman since 1750". Qatar Digital Library. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  2. ^ "7. Oman (1912-present)". UCA. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  3. ^ Pike, John (2018-01-17). "The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  4. ^ I. Skeet (2 June 1992). Oman: Politics and Development. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-230-37692-2.
  5. ^ a b Pike, John (2018-01-21). "The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
  6. ^ James J. Worrall (18 December 2013). State Building and Counter Insurgency in Oman: Political, Military and Diplomatic Relations at the End of Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 292–. ISBN 978-1-84885-634-9.
  7. ^ Tony Geraghty (12 March 2012). Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad. Pegasus Books. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-60598-761-3.
  8. ^ Jones, Ridout, Jeremy, Nicholas (2015). A History of Modern Oman. Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
  9. ^ a b Ling, C. (2011). Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life (in Basque). Mainstream Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84596-831-1. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
  10. ^ a b Schmidt, Dana Adams (1970-09-05). "Coup in Oman: Out of Arabian Nights Into 20th Century". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  11. ^ Abdel Razzaq Takriti (25 August 2016). Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965-1976. OUP Oxford. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-0-19-251561-2.
  12. ^ "Brigadier Tim Landon". July 11, 2007 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  13. ^ Limbert, M. (2010). In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town. Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8047-5626-6. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  14. ^ Limbert, M. (2010). In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town. Stanford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8047-5626-6. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  15. ^ a b Vaidya, Sunil K. (2011-10-21). "Oman's Sultan Qaboos gives larger role to Shura". GulfNews.com. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  16. ^ a b "A Test for Oman and Its Sultan". The New Yorker. 2014-12-08. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  17. ^ Cobain, Ian (2016-09-08). "Britain's secret wars". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  18. ^ "Britain's coup in Oman, 1970". Mark Curtis. 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F1272308357