Solar eclipse of November 22, 1900
| Solar eclipse of November 22, 1900 | |
|---|---|
 Map | |
| Type of eclipse | |
| Nature | Annular |
| Gamma | −0.2245 |
| Magnitude | 0.9421 |
| Maximum eclipse | |
| Duration | 402 s (6 min 42 s) |
| Coordinates | 33°06′S 64°48′E / 33.1°S 64.8°E |
| Max. width of band | 220 km (140 mi) |
| Times (UTC) | |
| Greatest eclipse | 7:19:43 |
| References | |
| Saros | 131 (44 of 70) |
| Catalog # (SE5000) | 9282 |
An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Thursday, November 22, 1900,[1][2][3] with a magnitude of 0.9421. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring).[4] An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.[4] Occurring about 4.5 days after apogee (on November 17, 1900, at 18:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.[5] This was also the last solar eclipse of the 19th century.
This eclipse's path traveled east, beginning in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of southern Africa, traversing the continent, and passing through the Indian Ocean[6] before terminating in Australia, in northeast Queensland.[7] Outside the center of its path, the section of the Earth from which it was visible included locations in Africa such as the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Pretoria,[7] and the south end of Madagascar.[4] On the eastern portion of the path, it passed over the southern portion of the Philippine islands.[3]
It appeared in some form over all of Australia,[8] although only partially visible in most of it.[9] It entered near Shark Bay[4] and was partially visible in Adelaide.[4] It was observed clearly from Melbourne, where it was seen "under favorable conditions, the sky being cloudless".[10] Elsewhere in Australia, newspapers reported that it was seen from Rydal[11] and Murrumburrah in New South Wales.[12] An observer in Perth said that it was "distinctly visible", as "the sky was quite clear owing to the dimness of the sun's light. Persons out of doors could not fail to notice the eclipse."[13] The Government Astronomer, W. E. Cooke, said that "in the streets it was observed by numbers of people with the aid of a piece of smoked or neutral tinted glass, and at the Observatory the exact times of commencement and finish were noted with the aid of the large equatorial".[14]
At the time, it was claimed by Ira D. Hicks that the conjunction would "greatly increase atmospheric, electrical and seismic perturbations during the reactionary period, 21st to 23d".[15] Viewers in Australia were advised to view the Sun through smoked glass, "prepared by holding it over the flame of an ordinary wax candle or vesta".[8] It was expected to be "of little importance to astronomers for scientific purposes, excepting in showing how accurately such events may now be predicted".[8]
Eclipse details
Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[16]
| Event | Time (UTC) |
|---|---|
| First Penumbral External Contact | 1900 November 22 at 04:19:31.9 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact | 1900 November 22 at 05:24:00.5 UTC |
| First Central Line | 1900 November 22 at 05:26:34.2 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact | 1900 November 22 at 05:29:08.2 UTC |
| First Penumbral Internal Contact | 1900 November 22 at 06:36:53.5 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction | 1900 November 22 at 07:17:05.1 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse | 1900 November 22 at 07:19:42.8 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction | 1900 November 22 at 07:22:44.6 UTC |
| Greatest Duration | 1900 November 22 at 07:22:49.6 UTC |
| Last Penumbral Internal Contact | 1900 November 22 at 08:02:28.1 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact | 1900 November 22 at 09:10:16.9 UTC |
| Last Central Line | 1900 November 22 at 09:12:48.5 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact | 1900 November 22 at 09:15:19.8 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact | 1900 November 22 at 10:19:46.8 UTC |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Eclipse Magnitude | 0.94207 |
| Eclipse Obscuration | 0.88750 |
| Gamma | −0.22450 |
| Sun Right Ascension | 15h49m25.8s |
| Sun Declination | -20°03'58.1" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter | 16'11.9" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 08.9" |
| Moon Right Ascension | 15h49m19.7s |
| Moon Declination | -20°16'14.2" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter | 15'02.0" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 0°55'10.4" |
| ΔT | -1.5 s |
Eclipse season
This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| November 22 Descending node (new moon) |
December 6 Ascending node (full moon) |
|---|---|
|
|
| Annular solar eclipse Solar Saros 131 |
Penumbral lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 143 |
Related eclipses
Eclipses in 1900
- A total solar eclipse on May 28.
- A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 13.
- An annular solar eclipse on November 22.
- A penumbral lunar eclipse on December 6.
Metonic
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of February 1, 1897
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 9, 1904
Tzolkinex
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 11, 1893
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 3, 1908
Half-Saros
- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of November 16, 1891
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of November 27, 1909
Tritos
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 22, 1889
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 22, 1911
Solar Saros 131
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 10, 1882
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 3, 1918
Inex
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 12, 1871
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of November 1, 1929
Triad
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 21, 1814
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 23, 1987
Solar eclipses of 1898–1902
This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[17]
The solar eclipses on January 22, 1898 (total) and July 18, 1898 (annular) occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on April 8, 1902 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.
| Solar eclipse series sets from 1898 to 1902 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascending node | Descending node | |||||
| Saros | Map | Gamma | Saros | Map | Gamma | |
| 111 | December 13, 1898 Partial |
−1.5252 | 116 | June 8, 1899 Partial |
1.2089 | |
| 121 | December 3, 1899 Annular |
−0.9061 | 126 Totality in Wadesboro, North Carolina |
May 28, 1900 Total |
0.3943 | |
| 131 | November 22, 1900 Annular |
−0.2245 | 136 | May 18, 1901 Total |
−0.3626 | |
| 141 | November 11, 1901 Annular |
0.4758 | 146 | May 7, 1902 Partial |
−1.0831 | |
| 151 | October 31, 1902 Partial |
1.1556 | ||||
Saros 131
This eclipse is a part of Saros series 131, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 70 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on August 1, 1125. It contains total eclipses from March 27, 1522 through May 30, 1612; hybrid eclipses from June 10, 1630 through July 24, 1702; and annular eclipses from August 4, 1720 through June 18, 2243. The series ends at member 70 as a partial eclipse on September 2, 2369. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.
The longest duration of totality was produced by member 28 at 58 seconds on May 30, 1612, and the longest duration of annularity was produced by member 50 at 7 minutes, 54 seconds on January 26, 2009. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[18]
| Series members 39–60 occur between 1801 and 2200: | ||
|---|---|---|
| 39 | 40 | 41 |
 September 28, 1810 |
 October 9, 1828 |
 October 20, 1846 |
| 42 | 43 | 44 |
 October 30, 1864 |
 November 10, 1882 |
November 22, 1900 |
| 45 | 46 | 47 |
 December 3, 1918 |
 December 13, 1936 |
 December 25, 1954 |
| 48 | 49 | 50 |
 January 4, 1973 |
 January 15, 1991 |
 January 26, 2009 |
| 51 | 52 | 53 |
 February 6, 2027 |
 February 16, 2045 |
 February 28, 2063 |
| 54 | 55 | 56 |
 March 10, 2081 |
 March 21, 2099 |
 April 2, 2117 |
| 57 | 58 | 59 |
 April 13, 2135 |
 April 23, 2153 |
 May 5, 2171 |
| 60 | ||
 May 15, 2189 | ||
Metonic series
The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.
| 23 eclipse events between February 3, 1859 and June 29, 1946 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 1–3 | November 21–22 | September 8–10 | June 28–29 | April 16–18 |
| 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
 February 3, 1859 |
 November 21, 1862 |
 June 28, 1870 |
 April 16, 1874 | |
| 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 |
 February 2, 1878 |
 November 21, 1881 |
 September 8, 1885 |
 June 28, 1889 |
 April 16, 1893 |
| 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 137 |
 February 1, 1897 |
November 22, 1900 |
 September 9, 1904 |
 June 28, 1908 |
 April 17, 1912 |
| 139 | 141 | 143 | 145 | 147 |
 February 3, 1916 |
 November 22, 1919 |
 September 10, 1923 |
 June 29, 1927 |
 April 18, 1931 |
| 149 | 151 | 153 | 155 | |
 February 3, 1935 |
 November 21, 1938 |
 September 10, 1942 |
 June 29, 1946 | |
Tritos series
This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 August 28, 1802 (Saros 122) |
 July 27, 1813 (Saros 123) |
 June 26, 1824 (Saros 124) |
 May 27, 1835 (Saros 125) |
 April 25, 1846 (Saros 126) |
 March 25, 1857 (Saros 127) |
 February 23, 1868 (Saros 128) |
 January 22, 1879 (Saros 129) |
 December 22, 1889 (Saros 130) |
November 22, 1900 (Saros 131) |
 October 22, 1911 (Saros 132) |
 September 21, 1922 (Saros 133) |
 August 21, 1933 (Saros 134) |
 July 20, 1944 (Saros 135) |
 June 20, 1955 (Saros 136) |
 May 20, 1966 (Saros 137) |
 April 18, 1977 (Saros 138) |
 March 18, 1988 (Saros 139) |
 February 16, 1999 (Saros 140) |
 January 15, 2010 (Saros 141) |
 December 14, 2020 (Saros 142) |
 November 14, 2031 (Saros 143) |
 October 14, 2042 (Saros 144) |
 September 12, 2053 (Saros 145) |
 August 12, 2064 (Saros 146) |
 July 13, 2075 (Saros 147) |
 June 11, 2086 (Saros 148) |
 May 11, 2097 (Saros 149) |
 April 11, 2108 (Saros 150) |
 March 11, 2119 (Saros 151) |
 February 8, 2130 (Saros 152) |
 January 8, 2141 (Saros 153) |
 December 8, 2151 (Saros 154) |
 November 7, 2162 (Saros 155) |
 October 7, 2173 (Saros 156) |
 September 4, 2184 (Saros 157) |
 August 5, 2195 (Saros 158) | |||
Inex series
This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||
|---|---|---|
 January 21, 1814 (Saros 128) |
 December 31, 1842 (Saros 129) |
 December 12, 1871 (Saros 130) |
November 22, 1900 (Saros 131) |
 November 1, 1929 (Saros 132) |
 October 12, 1958 (Saros 133) |
 September 23, 1987 (Saros 134) |
 September 1, 2016 (Saros 135) |
 August 12, 2045 (Saros 136) |
 July 24, 2074 (Saros 137) |
 July 4, 2103 (Saros 138) |
 June 13, 2132 (Saros 139) |
 May 25, 2161 (Saros 140) |
 May 4, 2190 (Saros 141) |
|
See also
References
- ^ "November 22, 1900 Annular Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ "Saros Series 131". Catalog of Solar Eclipses. NASA. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ a b "AN ECLIPSE TO-DAY". Minneapolis Daily Times. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1900-11-22. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e "ECLIPSE OF THE SUN". South Australian Register. Adelaide, SA. 1900-11-22.
- ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ "Eclipse of the Sun Tomorrow". The Plain Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania. 1900-11-20. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-10-31 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "The Eclipse of the Sun". The Perthshire Advertiser, etc. Perth, Tayside, Scotland. 1900-11-21. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Eclipse of the sun". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 1900-11-22. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Page 4". The Macleay Chronicle. Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia. 1900-11-22. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Partial eclipse of the sun". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria, Victoria, Australia. 1900-11-23. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "ECLIPSE OF THE SUN". Lithgow Mercury. Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. 1900-11-23. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Brevities". The Evening News. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 1900-11-24. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Eclipse of the Sun". The Albany Advertiser. Western Australia. 1900-11-23. p. 3.
- ^ "YESTERDAY'S ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. THE GOVERNMENT ASTRONOMER'S OBSERVATIONS". The West Australian. Perth, Western Australia. 1900-11-23. p. 5.
- ^ "Forecast for November". The Missoula Democrat. Missoula, Montana. 1900-11-20. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-10-31 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Annular Solar Eclipse of 1900 Nov 22". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 131". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
