Sir Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet Bt KCB
Portrait by Martin Archer Shee, 1819
Governor of Madras
In office 10 June 1820 – 10 July 1827
Governors‑General	The Marquess of Hastings The Earl Amhurst
Preceded by	Sir George Barlow, Bt
Succeeded by	Stephen Rumbold Lushington
Personal details
Born	27 May 1761 Glasgow, Scotland
Died	6 July 1827(1827-07-06) (aged 65) Pattikonda, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Andhra Pradesh, India)[1]
Alma mater	University of Glasgow
Awards	Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Military service
Allegiance	British India United Kingdom
Branch/service	Madras Army
Years of service	1779–1827
Rank	Major-General
Battles/wars	Second Anglo-Mysore War Third Anglo-Mysore War Third Anglo-Maratha War

Major-General Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet KCB (27 May 1761 – 6 July 1827) was a Scottish soldier and British colonial administrator. He served as an East India Company Army officer and statesman, in addition to also being the governor of Madras Presidency.

Munro was born in Glasgow on 27 May 1761 to the Glaswegian merchant Alexander Munro. Thomas' grandfather was a tailor, who prospered by successful investments in American tobacco. After working as a bank clerk, Alexander Munro joined the family's prosperous tobacco business, but was ruined by the collapse of the tobacco trade during the American Revolutionary War.^[3] Thomas was also claimed to be a direct descendant of George Munro, 10th Baron of Foulis (died 1452), chief of the Highland Clan Munro,^[4] but clan historian R. W. Munro has contested this claim.

Thomas was educated at the University of Glasgow. While at school, Thomas was distinguished for a singular openness of temper, a mild and generous disposition, with great personal courage and presence of mind. Being naturally of a robust frame of body, he surpassed all his school-fellows in athletic exercises, and was particularly eminent as a boxer. He was at first intended to enter his father's business, but in 1779 was appointed to an infantry cadet ship in Madras.^[5]

He served with his regiment during the hard-fought war against Hyder Ali (1780–1783), under his namesake Major Sir Hector Munro, 8th of Novar.^[6] Thomas also later served alongside another namesake John Munro, 9th of Teaninich.^[7] Thomas served again with his regiment in the first campaign against Tipu Sultan (1790–1792). He was then chosen as one of four military officers to administer part of the territory captured from Tipu, where he remained for seven years learning the principles of revenue survey and assessment which he afterwards applied throughout the presidency of Madras. After the final downfall of Tipu in 1799, he spent a short time restoring order in Kanara; and then for another seven years (1800–1807) he was placed in charge of the Ceded Districts ceded by the Nizam of Hyderabad, where he introduced the ryotwari system of land revenue. After a long furlough in Britain, during which he gave valuable evidence upon matters connected with the renewal of the East India Company's charter, he returned to Madras in 1814 with special instructions to reform the judicial and police systems.^[5]

He was affectionately called 'mandrolayya' by local Telugu people after he brokered peace between local Polygars.

On the outbreak of the Pindari War in 1817, he was appointed as brigadier-general to command the reserve division formed to reduce the southern territories of the Peshwa. Of his services on this occasion Lord Canning said in the House of Commons:

He went into the field with not more than five or six hundred men, of whom a very small proportion were Europeans .... Nine forts were surrendered to him or taken by assault on his way; and at the end of a silent and scarcely observed progress he emerged... leaving everything secure and tranquil behind him.^[5]

In 1819, Munro was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).^[8]

In 1820, he was appointed governor of Madras, where he founded systems of revenue assessment and general administration which substantially persisted into the twentieth century. He is regarded as the father of the 'Ryotwari system'. His official minutes, published by Sir A. Arbuthnot, form a manual of experience and advice for the modern civilian. Munro was created a baronet in 1825.^[9] He died of cholera on 6 July 1827 while on tour in the ceded districts, where his name is preserved by more than one memorial. An equestrian statue of him, by Francis Legatt Chantrey, stands in Madras city.^[5]At his behest a Committee of public instruction was formed in 1826, which eventually led to the formation of Presidency College.^[10]

The village of Mantralayam in Andhra Pradesh is where the tomb of the famous Dvaita saint Raghavendra Swami is located. An anecdote of Sir Thomas Munro is told about this place. When Sir Thomas Munro was the Collector of Bellary in 1800, the Madras Government ordered him to procure the annual tax from the Math and Manthralaya village.^[11][12] When the Revenue officials were unable to comply with this order, Sir Thomas Munro visited the Math for investigation. He removed his hat and shoes and entered the sacred precincts where the original tomb is located. Sri Raghavendra Swamy emerged from the tomb and conversed with him for some time, about the resumption of endowment. The Saint was visible and audible only to Munro, who received Mantraskata (God's blessing).^[13] The Collector went back and wrote an order in favour of the Math and the village. This notification was published in the Madras Government Gazette in Chapter XI, page 213, with the caption "Manchali Adoni Taluka". This order is still preserved in Fort St. George and Mantralayam.^[14][15][16]

Sculpted by Francis Chantrey, and sitting proud and straight on his horse, in the middle of Chennai's famed Island, is The Stirrupless Majesty.^[17] Either due to an oversight, or depicting his affinity for bareback riding, Sir Thomas Munro's statue shows him without saddle and stirrup.^[18]

• Munro Baronets

• Gopalakrishnan, ChandraChoodan (23 March 2006), The stirrup-less majesty, Chennai Metblogs.com, retrieved 10 December 2006
• Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), History of the Munros of Fowlis, pp. 369, 427–430^{[full citation needed]}
• McLaren, Martha (2001), British India & British Scotland, 1780–1830: Career Building, Empire Building, and a Scottish School of Thought on Indian Governance (PDF), University of Akron Press, ISBN 978-1-884836-73-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2008
• Muthiah, S. (4 June 2003), "Relics of Company times", The Hindu, archived from the original on 9 May 2004, retrieved 11 April 2007{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
• The Hindu staff (18 October 2002), "Manthralayam for that healing touch", The Hindu, Chennai, India, archived from the original on 30 June 2003, retrieved 19 March 2010
• The Hindu staff (26 July 2010), "Unsung hero of Madras", The Hindu, Chennai, India, retrieved 28 July 2010

Attribution:

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Munro, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11.

• "Munro, Sir Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19549. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Arbuthnot, Alexander John (1894). "Munro, Thomas" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 309–313.
• Harrington, Jack (2010), Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Chs. 2 & 5., New York: Palgrave Macmillan., ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1
• Stein, Burton (1990), Thomas Munro: The Origins of the Colonial State and his Vision of Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562331-2