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Simon of Trent

Simon of Trent
Born1472
Trento, Prince-Bishopric of Trent, Holy Roman Empire (now Italy)
DiedMarch 1475
Trento, Prince-Bishopric of Trent, Holy Roman Empire

Simon of Trent (German: Simon von Trient, also known as Simon Unverdorben (meaning Simon Immaculate in German); Italian: Simonino di Trento), also known as Simeon (1472–1475), was a young boy from the city of Trent (now Trento in northern Italy), in the Prince-Bishopric of Trent, whose disappearance and death was judicially attributed to be the city's Jewish community, based on confessions extracted under torture.

Events

At the time of the events, Prince-Bishop Johannes Hinderbach reigned in Trent under the ultimate jurisdiction of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. In March 1475, an itinerant Franciscan preacher, Bernardine of Feltre, delivered a series of sermons in Trent that vilified the local Jews, essentially three households headed by Samuel (who arrived in 1461), Tobias, and Engel.[1] They formed a distinct community marked by their professions and by their apparent wealth in comparison with the artisans and sharecroppers of the city: Samuel was a moneylender and Tobias a physician.[2] The Prince-Bishop had renewed the Jewish community's permission to reside and practice their professions in Trent a few years previously, in 1469.[3] This dependence on the protection of the authorities later inclined the Jews, upon finding Simon's body, to report the discovery.[4]

The events themselves have been reconstructed from a careful study of the trial records by American historian Ronnie Hsia. Simon, almost two and a half years old, went missing about 5 p.m. on the evening of Thursday, 23 March 1475. The following day, Good Friday, Simon's father approached the prince-bishop to ask for help in finding his missing child.[5] The podestà, Giovanni de Salis, had his men spread a description of Simon through the city. Over the following couple of days, searches were carried out by Simon's family and neighbours, by the servants of the podestà, and also by the Jewish community, who had been alerted to a rumour that they had taken the child and were concerned about the possibility of being framed.[5][4] On Saturday, 25 March, Simon's father appealed to the podestà specifically to search the Jews' houses, saying he had been advised they might have taken his child.[5] Despite these searches, no sign of the child was found. Samuel's property was extensive, including a hall that functioned as a synagogue, and a water cellar that was also used for ritual bathing and was supplied with water from a channel that ran beneath the property.[3] According to the trial record, on Easter Sunday, 26 March, a cook named Seligman went to Samuel's cellar to fetch water to prepare the evening meal and found Simon's body in the water. Samuel himself, accompanied by two other Jews, went to the podestà to report the discovery.[4] Later that evening, the podestà and some of his men retrieved the body, with his servant Ulrich being ordered to carry it to the hospital.[6] The narrative summary based on the trial documents, drafted in 1478–1479, omitted the fact that the Jews had themselves reported finding the body, stating only that Ulrich had found Simon's body in a ditch next to Samuel's house.[5]

Following the report of the body's discovery, the entire Jewish community (both men and women) were arrested and forced under torture to confess to having murdered Simon to use his blood for ritual purposes (a classic example of the blood libel that Jews used Christian blood in their rituals). An examination of the corpse by city doctors determined that Simon had not died of natural causes but had been exsanguinated. In Hsia's view, "the narrative imperative, the official story of ritual murder, the trial record of 1475–76, represents nothing less than a Christian ethnography of Jewish rites".[7]

Fifteen of the Jews, including Samuel, the head of the community, were sentenced to death and burnt at the stake. The Jewish women were accused as accomplices but argued their gender did not allow them to participate in the rituals restricted to men. They were freed from prison in 1478 due to papal intervention. One Jew, Israel, was allowed to convert to Christianity for a short while, but he was arrested again after other Jews confessed he was part of the Passover Seder. After a long period of torture he was also sentenced to death on 19 January.[8] The Trent trial's notoriety inspired a rise in Christian violence towards Jews in the surrounding areas of Veneto, Lombardy, and Tyrol, along with accusations of ritual murder, culminating in Vicenza with the prohibition of Jewish moneylending in 1479 and the expulsion of all Jews in 1486.[9]

Papal investigation

On 3 August 1475, Pope Sixtus IV commanded Bishop Hinderbach to suspend judicial proceedings until the arrival of the papal representative, Battista dei Giudici, Bishop of Ventimiglia, who would conduct a joint investigation with the Bishop of Trent. Giudici arrived in Trent in September. The local authorities worked against his investigation, preventing him from visiting Jews in prison and impeding his access to trial records.[10]

In the face of persistent hostility, he relocated to Rovereto, which was then under Venetian control,[10] and summoned Hinderbach and the podestà to answer for their conduct. Instead of appearing, Hinderbach had an account of the proceedings drawn up to vindicate his own actions, circulating it widely and so giving general credence to the notion that Simon of Trent had in fact been murdered by Jews.

The case was reviewed in Rome, where Hinderbach had powerful friends, including the papal librarian Bartolomeo Sacchi, who accused Giudici of being in the pay of the Jews. Giudici wrote two treatises on the affair, an Apologia Iudaeorum defending the Jews, and an Invectiva contra Platinam (aimed at Sacchi) defending himself.[10] A committee of cardinals, chaired by Giovan Francesco Pavini, former professor of canon law at the University of Padua and an old friend of the bishop of Trent, exonerated Hinderbach and censured Giudici. A papal bull was issued on 20 June 1478, accepting that the inquiries in Trent had been carried out in legal fashion but avoiding a finding of fact with regard to Simon's death, while also reasserting papal protection for the Jews and the unlawfulness of ritual murder trials, in line with a decree of Pope Innocent IV from 1243.[11]

Veneration

School of Niklaus Weckmann,
The Martyrdom of Saint Simonino

Simon became the focus of attention for the local Catholic Church. The local bishop, Hinderbach of Trent, tried to have Simon canonized, producing a large body of documentation of the event and its aftermath.[12] Over one hundred miracles were directly attributed to Simon within a year of his disappearance, and his cult spread across Italy, Austria and Germany. However, there was also skepticism from the beginning, as Giudici's investigation showed.

Maximilian I, a future Holy Roman Emperor, was a strong proponent of Simon's veneration and commissioned a silver monument of the child.[13] He also had Simon's relics carried in procession when he was made emperor in 1508.

The veneration received wider liturgical impetus in the 16th century. Joannes Molanus included a footnote on Simon of Trent in his 1568 edition of Usuard's martyrology,[14] and this was then incorporated into the new official edition of the Martyrologium Romanum in 1583,[15] with 24 March having the additional text: Tridenti passio sancti Simeonis pueri, a Judaeis saevissime trucidati, qui multis postea miraculis coruscavit. ("At Trent, the suffering of the holy boy Simeon, barbarously murdered by the Jews, who was afterwards glorified by many miracles.")[16] In 1584 the use of this martyrology became obligatory in the Roman Rite. Furthermore, in 1588 Pope Sixtus V gave recognition to the local veneration of Simon as an established devotion, functionally equivalent to a decree of beatification.[13]

In 1758, Cardinal Ganganelli (later Pope Clement XIV, 1769–1774) prepared a legal memorandum which, to the exclusion of all other allegations of ritual murders of infants which records were thoroughly made available to him, expressly admitted as proven only two: that of Simon of Trent and that of Andreas Oxner.[17] At the same time, he extols the glories and accomplishments of the Jewish people across history, writing that the murder of Simon of Trent does not suffice to injure the reputation of the entire Jewish people.[18]

Simon's cultus was permitted by the Popes for local public liturgical observance (effectively beatification) within the Diocese of Trent.[13] In a letter to Benedetto Veterani [it], Promoter of Faith, Pope Benedict XIV recognised that this was the case, but was careful to distinguish such authorization from canonization.[19][20]

As was stated in one publication, "It is simply untrue to say that the Church has canonized little Simon of Trent. A decree of beatification was issued by Sixtus V, which took the form simply of a confirmation of cultus and which allowed a Mass to be said locally in honour of the boy martyr. Everyone knows that beatification differs from canonization in this, that in the former case the infallibility of the Holy See is not involved, in the latter it is."[21]

Following studies on the case, on 28 October 1965 (the same day as the publication of Nostra aetate by Pope Paul VI) archbishop of Trent Alessandro Maria Gottardi [it] abolished the cult of Simon, and the yearly procession with his relics was suppressed.[22][23] Simon of Trent is not in the new Roman Martyrology of 2000, nor on any modern Catholic calendar.[13] His relics, removed from their resting place in Saints Peter and Paul church in Trent [it] upon the cult's suppression, were returned there in 2021, together with an exhibit about him curated by the Museo diocesano tridentino [it].[24]

Controversies

In the 21st century, historian Ariel Toaff, writing about the case of Simon of Trent, hypothesized that the notion that some Jews killed children to use their blood for ritual purposes may have been tenuously based on an actual "ritual of blood" that did not involve infanticide. In the same work, Passovers of Blood, Toaff theorises that some blood libel cases may be based on actual instances of infanticide where a Jewish perpetrator acted in retaliation for persecutions against the community.[25] After criticism, the book was withdrawn from circulation and redacted by its author.[26][27]

In 2020, the Italian artist Giovanni Gasparro [it] painted a depiction of Simon's death. He was later accused of antisemitism for this painting which sold to a private collector.[28]

In February 2022, a sculpture of Simon of Trent depicting the blood libel was used by QAnon conspiracy theorists to promote the conspiracy theory that Hollywood elites are harvesting adrenochrome from children through Satanic ritual abuse in order to become immortal.[29][30]

  • Altobello Melone, Simon of Trent, ca.1521, oil on panel, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent (Italy)
    Altobello Melone, Simon of Trent, ca.1521, oil on panel, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent (Italy)
  • Unknown painter, Ex voto; fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy
    Unknown painter, Ex voto; fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy
  • Incunabulum of Friedrich Creussner, Nuremberg, 1475
    Incunabulum of Friedrich Creussner, Nuremberg, 1475
  • Simon of Trent's martyred body. Engraving, Nürnberg, around 1479.
    Simon of Trent's martyred body. Engraving, Nürnberg, around 1479.
  • Stone medallion with the purported martyrdom scene of Simonino di Trento. Palazzo Salvadori, Trent
    Stone medallion with the purported martyrdom scene of Simonino di Trento. Palazzo Salvadori, Trent
  • Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493
    Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493
  • Unknown painter, fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy
    Unknown painter, fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy
  • Statue of Simon of Trent on the facade of a palace in Trento (situated in "Via del Simonino")
    Statue of Simon of Trent on the facade of a palace in Trento (situated in "Via del Simonino")
  • Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.
    Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.
  • Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.
    Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.
  • Plaque in Trento commemorating the injustice towards Jews.
    Plaque in Trento commemorating the injustice towards Jews.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ (Hsia 1992, pp. 14–15)
  2. ^ (Hsia 1992, p. 25)
  3. ^ a b (Hsia 1992, p. 16)
  4. ^ a b c (Hsia 1992, pp. 26–27)
  5. ^ a b c d (Hsia 1992, pp. 1–3)
  6. ^ (Hsia 1992, p. 29)
  7. ^ (Hsia 1992, p. 94)
  8. ^ (Hsia 1992, pp. 95–104)
  9. ^ (Hsia 1992, pp. 128–129)
  10. ^ a b c Quaglioni, Diego (2001). "Giudici, Battista dei". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 56. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022.
  11. ^ (Hsia 1992, p. 127)
  12. ^ Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1993). "The Alleged Ritual Murder of Simon of Trent (1475) and Its Literary Repercussions: A Bibliographical Study". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 59: 103–135. doi:10.2307/3622714. JSTOR 3622714.
  13. ^ a b c d Kohl, Jeanette (2018). "A Murder, a Mummy, and a Bust: The Newly Discovered Portrait of Simon of Trent at the Getty". Getty Research Journal. 10 (10). Getty Research Institute: 37–60. doi:10.1086/697383. ISBN 978-1-60606-571-6. S2CID 192405280 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Usuard (1568). Usuardi Martyrologium. Translated by Molanus, Joannes. Leuven. OCLC 902173278.
  15. ^ Baronius, Caesar (1589). Martyrologium Romanum ad nouam Kalendarii rationem et ecclesiasticae historiae veritatem restitutum, Gregorii XIII. Pont. Max., iussu editum; accesserunt notationes atque tractatio de martyrologio Romano. Antwerp: Plantin Press. p. 139. OCLC 319912070.
  16. ^ Martyrologium romanum : ad nouam kalendarij rationem & ecclesiasticae historiae veritatem restitutum : Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. iussu editum. Venice: Guillaume Rouillé. 1583. p. 50. OCLC 645647197.
  17. ^  Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906). "Clement XIV. (Lorenzo Ganganelli)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023.
  18. ^ Lobe, Isidore (January–March 1889). "Un Mémoire de Laurent Ganganelli sur la Calomnie du Meurtre Rituel". Revue des Études Juives (in French). XVIII. Peeters Publishers: 179 et seq – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Melzer, Gottfried, Excerpts from The Bull Beatus Andreas of Pope Benedict XIV of 22 February 1755 [with comments], translated by Belser, R., archived from the original on 13 June 2023, As We have shown in Our work De Canonisatione, Book 3, Chapter 15, Nr. 6, Pope Sixtus IV by a Papal brief thereupon approved the Mass celebration and the Office in his [Simon's] name, to be read on the fixed day in the city and the entire bishopric of Trent, to the honor of the Blessed Simon, and (the Pope) moreover granted a plenary indulgence to all those who, having had the Sacrament of Confession and Communion, visit the church in which his relics are venerated on his day of the year." (S.5.) "And if, nevertheless, as we have further said above, at the behest of Pope Gregory XIII, the name of the Blessed Simon has been added to the Roman Martyrology, it can however not be inferred that because of this the latter has been canonized." (S.21.)
  20. ^ Pope Benedict XIV (1782). "Beatus Andres de Pago". Sanctissimi domini nostri Benedicti papae XIV. Bullarium. Tomus primus decimus Tomus octavus, in quo continentur constitutiones, epistolae, aliaque edita ab initio pontificatus usque ad annum 1755 (in Latin). National Library of Naples. Bartholomaei Occhi. pp. 215.
  21. ^ Pollen, J. H. (January–June 1914). "The Centenary of the Restoration of the Society of Jesus". The Month. CXXIII. Longmans, Green, and Co.: 78. OCLC 1589103 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Rogger, Iginio (2011). "In margine al caso Simonino Di Trento. Aspetti istituzionali e morali della questione". Laboratoire Italien (in Italian) (11): 221–230. doi:10.4000/laboratoireitalien.592.
  23. ^ Rogger, Iginio (8 February 2007). "Interventi sul caso Toaff di storici italiani che si sono occupati dell'accusa del sangue: mons. Iginio Rogger (Avvenire, 8 febbraio 2007)". Avvenire (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2023 – via CESNUR.
  24. ^ Franchi, Fabrizio (19 January 2021). "Le reliquie del Simonino torneranno alla cappella di San Pietro". l'Adige (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023.
  25. ^ "Historian's study of 'blood libel' angers fellow Jews". Ynetnews. 11 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  26. ^ Palmieri-Billig, Lisa (7 February 2007). "Historian gives credence to blood libel". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023.
  27. ^ Schwartz, Adi (24 February 2008). "Bar-Ilan Scholar Recants Controversial Blood Libel Theory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022.
  28. ^ Reich, Aaron (27 March 2020). "Italian artist accused of antisemitism for new painting of blood libel". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023.
  29. ^ Lee, Ella (3 February 2022). "Fact check: Sculpture is evidence of antisemitic 'blood libel,' not false QAnon theory". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  30. ^ Rothschild, Mike (22 June 2021). The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything. Octopus. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-80096-046-6.

Bibliography

  • Curzel, Emanuele (2018). "SIMONE da Trento". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 92. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023.
  • Eckert, Willehad Paul (1964). Eckert, Willehad Paul; Ehrlich, E. L. (eds.). Judenhass: Schuld der Christen?! Versuch eines Gesprächs. Essen: Hans Driewer. pp. 329–357. OCLC 8989370.
  • Gentilini, Gianni (2007). Pasqua 1475: Antigiudaismo e lotta alle eresie il caso di Simonino. Milano: Medusa. ISBN 9788876981227.
  • Hsia, R. Po-chia (1992). Trent 1475: Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial. Yale University. ISBN 0-300-06872-7.
  • Menestrina, Giuseppe (October 1903). "Gli Ebrei a Trento". Tridentum Rivista Mensile di Studi Scientifici. 6: 304–411.
  • Treue, Wolfgang (1996). Der Trienter Judenprozeß: Voraussetzungen - Abläufe - Auswirkungen; (1475 - 1588). Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. ISBN 9783775256131.
  • Treue, Wolfgang (2015). "Diplomaten, Rechtsgelehrte, Intriganten: Der Trienter Judenprozess vor der römischen Kurie 1475–1478". In Füllenbach, Elias H.; Miletto, Gianfranco (eds.). Dominikaner und Juden: Personen, Konflikte und Perspektiven vom 13. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert / Dominicans and Jews: personalities, conflicts, and perspectives from the 13th to the 20th century. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 331–347. ISBN 9783050087917.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Trent