Silver Y
| Silver Y | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | Autographa |
| Species: | A. gamma |
| Binomial name | |
| Autographa gamma | |
The silver Y (Autographa gamma) is a migratory moth of the family Noctuidae which is named for the silvery Y-shaped mark on each of its forewings.
Description
The silver Y is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 30 to 45 mm. The wings are intricately patterned with various shades of brown and grey providing excellent camouflage. In the centre of each forewing there is a silver-coloured mark shaped like a lower case Y (y) or a lower case Greek letter gamma (γ). There are several different forms with varying colours depending on the climate in which the larvae grow.
Technical description and variation
P. gamma Forewing purplish grey, with darker suffusion in places; the lines pale silvery edged on both sides with dark fuscous, the outer line indented on vein 2 and submedian fold, as in circumflexa; the oblique orbicular and the reniform conversely oblique and constricted in middle, both edged with silvery: the median area below middle blackish, containing a silvery gamma; the subterminal dentate and indented, preceded by a darker shade; hindwing brownish grey with darker veins and a broad blackish terminal border: aberrations due to difference in ground colour are ab. pallida Tutt, in which the ground colour is whitish grey, with the markings appearing darker and more sharply defined; ab. rufescens Tutt where it is yellowish red, with the gamma mark pale golden, also the lines and edges of stigmata, and the whole underside reddish: and ab. nigricans Spul., in which the whole forewing up to the pale terminal space is violet black brown; in the ab. purpurissa ab. nov. (65a) the ground colour is deep olive brown; the inner and outer lines violet, the latter double; subterminal line lustrous violet, irregularly waved and below the middle forming a strong W-shaped mark; the gamma mark is pale golden, and the edges of the dark stigmata are, like the inner line, finely lustrous; a pale violet terminal stripe before termen; hindwing bronzy brownish, with broad dark terminal border. The example from which this description was made, now in the Tring Museum, was taken in Sussex, on the South Coast of England, and is referred to by Tutt in British Noctuae, Vol. IV, p. 32; lastly, the form gammina Stgr., from Syria and Pontus, is only half as large as typical gamma, with more definitely marked forewings. Larva pale green, with fine whitish or yellowish, partly double, lines; a straight yellowish lateral line above the white black-ringed spiracles.[1]
Distribution
The species is widespread across Europe and over almost all the Palearctic including North Africa. It is resident in the south of its range and adults fly almost throughout the year[citation needed]. In spring variable numbers migrate north reaching as far as Iceland, Greenland, and Finland with huge invasions taking place in some years[citation needed]. A second wave of migrants arrives in the summer[citation needed]. In central Europe and the British Isles adults are present in significant numbers from May onwards with numbers dwindling in late autumn as they are killed off by frosts[citation needed]. Some individuals fly south again to winter around the Mediterranean and Black seas.[2][3]
It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, particularly open areas. It regularly visits gardens to take nectar from the flowers.
Life history
Silver Y moths can produce two or three generations in a year with a fourth generation when conditions are particularly good. The eggs are laid on the upper or lower surface of leaves. They are whitish in colour and hemispherical in shape with deep ribbing. They hatch after three to four days (longer in cool conditions).
The larvae are about 30 mm long, have three pairs of prolegs and are usually green with whitish markings. They feed on a wide variety of low-growing plants and have been recorded on over 200 different species including crops such as the garden pea (Pisum sativum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea).[4] They can reduce crop yields by damaging leaves and are often considered to be a pest.
The pupa is green at first, gradually darkening to black. The adults mate one or two days after emerging from the pupa and start laying eggs one to five days later. They die three to nineteen days after emergence.
Gallery
A. gamma profile
A. gamma mounted specimen
Caterpillar on carrot (Daucus carota) stem
Close-up frontal view- video of Autographa gamma in Hesse, Germany
References
- ^ Warren. W. in Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Alerstam, Thomas; Chapman, Jason W.; Bäckman, Johan; Smith, Alan D.; Karlsson, Håkan; Nilsson, Cecilia; Reynolds, Don R.; Klaassen, Raymond H. G.; Hill, Jane K. (2011). "Convergent patterns of long-distance nocturnal migration in noctuid moths and passerine birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1721): 3074–3080. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0058. PMC 3158935. PMID 21389024.
- ^ Cardé, Ring T. (2008). "Insect Migration: Do Migrant Moths Know Where They Are Heading?". Current Biology. 18 (11): R472–R474. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.018. PMID 18522818. S2CID 13306169.
- ^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London". Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
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- Sarah Brook Silver Y Autographa gamma Linnaeus Butterfly Conservation (retrieved 06/02/07)
- Robert C. Venette, Erica E. Davis, Holly Heisler, & Margaret Larson (2003) Mini Risk Assessment - Silver Y Moth, Autographa gamma (L.) (retrieved 29 MAR 2012)
- Paul Waring & Martin Townsend (2004) Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, British Wildlife Publishing, Hampshire.