Eisspeedway

Shwe Kokko

Shwe Kokko Myaing
ရွှေကုက္ကိုမြိုင်
Shwe Kokko
Shwe Kokko in 2022
Shwe Kokko in 2022
Shwe Kokko Myaing is located in Myanmar
Shwe Kokko Myaing
Shwe Kokko Myaing
Location in Myanmar
Coordinates: 16°49′13.7″N 98°31′51.3″E / 16.820472°N 98.530917°E / 16.820472; 98.530917
Country Myanmar
StateKayin State Karen State
DistrictMyawaddy District
TownshipMyawaddy Township
Population
 • Religions
Buddhism and Christianity
Time zoneUTC+6.30 (MST)

Shwe Kokko Myaing (Burmese: ရွှေကုက္ကိုမြိုင်; lit. 'golden raintree forest'), commonly known as Shwe Kokko (Burmese: ရွှေကုက္ကို), is a town in Myawaddy Township, Myawaddy District in the Kayin State of south-east Myanmar.[1] Shwe Kokko lies on the left (western) bank of the Moei River (Thaungyin River), facing Thailand to the east.[2] The town is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Myawaddy.[3] In recent years, Shwe Kokko has evolved into an organized crime and human trafficking hub, due to the Burmese government's limited reach and oversight in this remote area.[4][5] Chinese-led development projects in Shwe Kokko, including Yatai New City, have been involved in illegal gambling, human trafficking, extortion, and cyber scam operations.[4][6][7][8] As Cambodia intensified its crackdown on illegal online gambling in 2019, Chinese crime syndicates and casino operators have found a new base in Myanmar's peripheral border areas.[7][9]

As of May 2022, 1,225 Chinese nationals were legally residing in Shwe Kokko, and thousands of illegal Chinese workers migrate to the village for work.[4] Shwe Kokko is the destination of many Asian human trafficking victims, from countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India and Philippines, who have been forced to work in Shwe Kokko in online scam operations run by Chinese crime syndicates, lured by the prospect of romance and well-paying jobs.[10][5] In September 2022, over 300 Indian nationals were reported to be held hostage in Shwe Kokko.[11]

Since the Karen BGF cut ties with the Tatmadaw and rebranded itself to the Karen National Army, many of these centers clamped down on abusive working conditions under the threat of a potential crackdown from anti-Junta forces.[12] However, the scamming workforce and targets shifted to English speakers.[12] Stricter security measures largely impede workers from escaping, with rescued Ugandan victims alluding to slave-like conditions.[12]

Administration

Shwe Kokko is home to the headquarters of the Kayin State Border Guard Force (BGF), which consists of former Democratic Karen Buddhist Army forces that were formally integrated into the Myanmar Armed Forces in August 2010.[13][14] The Kayin State BGF is led by Colonel Saw Chit Thu, and has about 6,000 troops that are organised into 13 battalions.[15]

After splitting away from the Tatmadaw, the KNA acquires revenue via taxation of gambling and scam businesses in Shwe Kokko.[12] Almost 1,000 foreign workers of scam centers were turned over to Chinese authorities.

Development projects

In 2018 and 2019, the Cambodian government banned online casino gambling, forcing Chinese investors and crime syndicates to exit Sihanoukville, which had previously seen a major casino boom. In 2019, multiple casinos shifted their operations to Shwe Kokko.[16]

Shwe Kokko is home to Yatai New City (Chinese: 水沟谷经济特区; pinyin: Shuǐgōugǔ Jīngjìtèqū), as a partnership between Chit Lin Myaing Company and Yatai International Holdings Group (Yatai IHG), which is a regional online gambling operation owned by Chinese fugitive, She Zhijiang.[10][17] Chit Lin Myaing is owned by the Kayin State Border Guard Force, and will receive 30% of profits from this development, with the remainder of the profits going to Yatai.[18]

In 2019, Singaporean-owned Building Cities Beyond Blockchain became Yatai's exclusive blockchain partner.[19] The use of blockchain technology enables entities to circumvent government authorities, obscure financial transactions, and launder money.[19] Building Cities Beyond Blockchain and Yatai launched Fincy, a financial platform in Shwe Kokko, without the approval of Myanmar’s Central Bank or any government ministry.[19]

Yatai portrayed the development as a US$15 billion special economic zone (SEZ), aimed at becoming a playground for Chinese gamblers near the Burmese-Thai border.[20][18] In reality, Shwe Kokko is not an approved SEZ, which are established in accordance with Myanmar's SEZ laws.[1] In October 2020, China's government officially distanced itself from the project. China's ambassador to Myanmar, Chen Hai, clarified this project was not part of the Belt and Road Initiative.[16]

Controversy

The Yatai project has been the subject of significant controversy, owing to concerns over the absence of official approval, illegal land confiscations, plans to build a casino, criminal activities, money laundering, and local sentiment.[21][9] Yatai began large-scale construction in 2017, even though the Myanmar Investment Commission had only approved a small-scale project covering 180,000 acres (73,000 ha).[22][17] MIC had only granted permission for the construction of 59 luxury villas on 22.5 acres of land, but the actual construction has far outpaced the permitted development.[1]

The project utilized thousands of Chinese workers, despite claims that it would generate job opportunities for locals.[3] In June 2020, the Burmese government established a national tribunal to investigate irregularities surrounding this development project, successfully halting the project.[23][24] In 2020, tensions between the Kayin State Border Guard Force and the Myanmar Armed Forces escalated over the development.[25]

However, after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, during which the Burmese military deposed the civilian-led government, the military became pre-occupied with addressing the ensuing Myanmar civil war, enabling the Yatai development to resume.[6][4][24][8] In April 2023, the Kawthoolei Army, a splinter group of the Karen National Union, launched an offensive against the Kayin State BGF in Shwe Kokko, forcing over 10,000 people to flee into Thailand.[26]

See also

Remarks

  1. ^ a b c Gambling Away Our Lands: Naypyidaw’s "Battlefields to Casinos" Strategy in Shwe Kokko (PDF). Karen Peace Support Network. 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2023.
  2. ^ "Shwe Koke Ko". Google Map. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  3. ^ a b Han, Naw Betty. "How the Kayin BGF's business interests put Myanmar at risk of COVID-19". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  4. ^ a b c d "Scam City: How the coup brought Shwe Kokko back to life". Frontier Myanmar. 2022-06-23. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  5. ^ a b "Malaysian dad pleads help for scam victims after son died". AP NEWS. 2022-09-21. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  6. ^ a b "With conflict escalating, Karen BGF gets back to business". Frontier Myanmar. 2021-05-13. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  7. ^ a b Clapp, Priscilla; Tower, Jason (2022-11-09). "Myanmar's Criminal Zones: A Growing Threat to Global Security". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  8. ^ a b "Cambodia scams: Lured and trapped into slavery in South East Asia". BBC News. 2022-09-20. Archived from the original on November 24, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  9. ^ a b Tower, Jason; Clapp, Priscilla A. (2020-04-20). "Chinese Crime Networks Partner with Myanmar Armed Groups". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  10. ^ a b Aung Zaw (2023-02-27). "Shwe Kokko - A Secret Chinese City". Mizzima Myanmar News and Insight. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  11. ^ "Hundreds of Indians Reportedly Trafficked to Myanmar by Cybercrime Operations". The Irrawaddy. 2022-09-22. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  12. ^ a b c d ‘Business is back’: BGF adapts under pressure. April 8, 2024. Naw Betty Han. Archived 2024-04-23 at the Wayback Machine. Frontier Myanmar
  13. ^ Tower, Jason; Clapp, Priscilla A. (2020-07-27). "Myanmar's Casino Cities: The Role of China and Transnational Criminal Networks". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  14. ^ Nachemson, Andrew (2020-07-07). "The mystery man behind the Shwe Kokko project". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  15. ^ Han, Naw Betty. "The business of the Kayin State Border Guard Force". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  16. ^ a b "Myanmar to probe casinos in China-backed developer's 'rogue city'". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  17. ^ a b Han, Naw Betty. "Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  18. ^ a b "Chinese Mega-Project in Myanmar's Kayin State Sparks Resentment And Worry". RFA. 2019-11-13. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c "Myanmar: Casino Cities Run on Blockchain Threaten Nation's Sovereignty". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  20. ^ "Myanmar: Transnational Networks Plan Digital Dodge in Casino Enclaves". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  21. ^ "New city project by Chinese firm raises hackles in Kayin". The Myanmar Times. 2018-09-18. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  22. ^ "Shwe Koko: Big Winners - Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped". Karen News. 2020-03-26. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  23. ^ Lwin, Nan (2020-06-16). "Myanmar Govt to Probe Contentious Chinese Development on Thai Border". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  24. ^ a b Clapp, Priscilla; Tower, Jason (2022-11-09). "Myanmar's Criminal Zones: A Growing Threat to Global Security". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  25. ^ Han, Naw Betty (2020-12-30). "Shwe Kokko locked down as locals fear clashes between Tatmadaw, BGF". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  26. ^ "Into the lion's den: The failed attack on Shwe Kokko". Frontier Myanmar. 2023-05-11. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-28.


Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko