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Santa Tecla F.C.

Santa Tecla F.C.
Full nameSanta Tecla Fútbol Club
Nickname(s)Periquitos
Tecleños
Los Verdes
Founded15 January 2007; 17 years ago (2007-01-15)
GroundEstadio Las Delicias
Capacity10,000
ChairmanEl Salvador Eduardo Amaya de Leon
ManagerEl Salvador Juan Ramón Sánchez
LeagueEl Salvador Segunda División
2023 ClausuraOverall: 9th
Playoffs: Did not qualify

Santa Tecla Fútbol Club is a Salvadoran multi-sport club based in Santa Tecla since being formed in 2007.[1] Although they compete in a number of different sports, Santa Tecla is mostly known for its professional association football team.[2] The club has competed in Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador, the nation's top tier, since being promoted there for Apertura 2012.[3][4][5] Santa Tecla was founded in 2007, and currently plays its home games at the 10,000 capacity soccer-specific Estadio Las Delicias.[6]

History

Santa Tecla Fútbol Club was formed in 2007 as a means for the "Tecleños" citizens to support a local team. It had been almost 40 years since the demise of former league champions Quequeisque.[7]

They took over the Telecom FC licence and made their debut in professional football in the 2007–08 season.[8] During their first competitive season, the team managed to reach the quarterfinals of the tournament.

Promotion to La Primera

Santa Tecla won their first title in 2012, winning the 2012 Apertura second division title by defeating Brasilia 2–1. A week later Santa Tecla defeated Titán (the champion of the 2011 Clausura title) 2–1 with goals by William Maldonado and Roberto González, allowing for Santa Tecla to be promoted to the Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador (La Primera) for the first time in club history.[9]

Champions

In 2015, the club had its most successful period in its history under the guidance of Argentinian Osvaldo Escudero. The club were able to win their first championship (the Clausura 2015) in club history. Santa Tecla won on a penalty shootout 3–1 after the match finished 1–1; William Maldonado was the lone goal-scorer for Santa Tecla in the final.[10]

Second championship

Santa Tecla finished in third place in the regular season, advancing to the 2016 Apertura Playoffs, where they met Isidro Metapan in the first round. They drew the first leg 2–2, but Santa Tecla won the second leg at TBD, to win 3–2 on aggregate. Santa Tecla faced the Aguila in the semi-final, winning 4–3 on aggregate to advance to La Primera's championship game. Santa Tecla faced the Alianza F.C. for the championship. Santa Tecla won 3–2 on a game-winning brace by Sebastian Abreu in the second half, with Gerson Mayen scoring the other goal in the first half, thus winning their second title in La Primera.

Third championship

Santa Tecla finished in third place in the regular season, advancing to the 2017 Clausura Playoffs, where they met C.D. FAS in the first round. They drew the first leg 0–0, but Santa Tecla won the second leg at Estadio Las Delicias 1–0, to win 1–0 on aggregate. Santa Tecla faced the Aguila in the semi-final, winning 5–2 on aggregate to advance to the championship game. Santa Tecla faced the Alianza F.C. for the championship for the second straight tournament. Santa Tecla once again won La Primera's championship title with a comprehensive 4–0 victory, with Marlon Cornejo, Gerson Mayen William Canales and Carlos Bueno.

Contenders and fourth championship

Following their third La Primera championship, the team made two consecutive finals (Apertura 2017 and Clausura 2018) against Alianza F.C., losing 4–1 and 1–0 respectively. During that period they were coached by Argentinian Ernesto Corti and Uruguayan Ruben da Silva. On 16 December 2018, Santa tecla won their fourth La Primera championship, defeating their rival Alianza F.C. 2–1 thanks to a double from Wilma Torres. The title end their recent losses and dominance by Alianza in the finals. [1]

Recent events

The club's finances were heavily impacted by the death of the club president José Vidal Hernández and the COVID pandemic. As an ongoing consequence, the club were restricted in their spending focusing on selling their experienced players and focusing on their youth players. The club went from being title contenders to fighting for survival.

Juan Ramon Sanchez left the club in February 2024 via mutual consent, with ten games remaining and the team in the relegation zone. Francisco Medrano was appointed as his replacement until the end of the season On 28 April 2024, Santa Tecla F.C.C were relegated as a consequence of their 2–1 loss against C.D. Luis Angel Firpo's. [2] This ended the club's Twelve-year stint in the Primera Division, making them only the fifth former Primera Division champions to be relegated from the league since it began in Apertura-Clausura, following C.D. Vista Hermosa, Once Municipal, C.D. Dragon, C.D. Luis Angel Firpo and Atletico Marte.

Stadium

Santa Tecla Fútbol Club has forged its entire history, from 2007 to the present, in the Estadio Las Delicias, but during stadium renovations they played their matches in the Estadio Jorge "Mágico" González and Estadio Universitario UES.

Sponsorship

Companies that Santa Tecla FC currently has sponsorship deals with for 2023–2024 includes:

  • AriJam – Official kit suppliers
  • Electrolit – Official sponsors
  • Sistema Fedecredito – Official sponsors
  • Las Perlitas – Official sponsors
  • Plaza Merlot – Official sponsors
  • Transportes Galindo – Official sponsors
  • ElQuijote – Official sponsors
  • Laboratorios Proquifar – Official sponsors

Honours

Domestic honours

Leagues

Cups

Minor Cups

  • Jaguar Sportic Cup
    • Champions (1): 2015–16

Current squad

As of July, 2024. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
2 DF Argentina ARG Alejandro Frezzotti
6 El Salvador SLV Kevin Garay
7 El Salvador SLV Anthony Roque (captain)
9 FW Argentina ARG Gonzalo Tarifa
11 Argentina ARG Adrian Toloza
15 El Salvador SLV Brayan Erazo
16 El Salvador SLV Rodrigo Rodriguez
21 El Salvador SLV Aquiles Méndez (captain)
25 GK El Salvador SLV Cristopher Rauda
28 El Salvador SLV Emerson Mancia
El Salvador SLV Balmore Ernesto Pineda
El Salvador SLV Gil Adonay Sanchez
MF El Salvador SLV Fernando Sanchez
El Salvador SLV Joaquin Montoya
No. Pos. Nation Player
3 DF El Salvador SLV Edwin Cordova
6 El Salvador SLV Carlos Alfaro
17 El Salvador SLV Mauricio Aldair Perez
22 MF El Salvador SLV Jeffry Aguilar
El Salvador SLV A Rodríguez
25 El Salvador SLV Erick Vega
31 El Salvador SLV Allan Acevedo
36 DF El Salvador SLV Alejandro Serrano

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
El Salvador SLV TBD (at TBD for the 2023-24 Apertura and Clausura)

In

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)
No. Pos. Nation Player
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)
El Salvador SLV TBD (From TBD)

Roberto Llamas

Out

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
El Salvador SLV Cesar Orellana (To LA Firpo)
El Salvador SLV Andres Rivas (To Alianza)
El Salvador SLV Allan Ocon (To FAS)
El Salvador SLV Samuel Rosales (To FAS)
El Salvador SLV Mario Martinez (To FAS)
El Salvador SLV Diego Lemus (To Platense)
El Salvador SLV William Flores (To Once Deportivo)
No. Pos. Nation Player
El Salvador SLV Ángel Ortega (To Once Deportivo)
El Salvador SLV Gabriel Velasquez (To Once Deportivo)
El Salvador SLV (To TBD)
El Salvador SLV (To TBD)
El Salvador SLV (To TBD)

Coaching staff

As of April 4, 2024

Position Staff
Manager El Salvador Francisco Medrano (*)
Assistant Manager El Salvador Rodrigo Vanegas *
Assistant Manager El Salvador TBD *
Reserve Manager El Salvador Rodrigo Vanegas *
Under 17 Manager El Salvador Douglas Vidal Jiménez *
Under 15 Manager El Salvador TBD *
Goalkeeping Coach El Salvador TBD *
Fitness Coach El Salvador Josué Martínez *
Team Doctor El Salvador Isela García
Kinesiologist El Salvador Hector Bermudez
Utility El Salvador David Ernesto Guevara
Utility El Salvador William Antonio Velázquez
Sporting Director Argentina Fernando Ledesma (*)

Personnel

Management

Position Staff
Honorary President El Salvador José Eduardo Amaya
President El Salvador Eduardo Amaya de Leon
Vice President El Salvador Jorge Italo Argueta *
Management Representative El Salvador Roberto D'Aubuisson
Administrative Manager El Salvador Rene Guevara
Board Director El Salvador Guillermo Figueroa
Board Director El Salvador Oscar Ortiz
Legal Representation El Salvador Max Ayala Revelo
General Director El Salvador Enrique Monico *
Board Director El Salvador
Board Director El Salvador
Board Director El Salvador

Presidential history

 
Name Years
El Salvador Óscar Ortiz 2012–2014
El Salvador José Vidal Hernández[11][12][13][14][15] 2014–2018
El Salvador Guillermo Figueroa 2018–2019
El Salvador José Eduardo Amaya [3] 2020-Present

List of notable players

Captains

Name years
El Salvador Pedro Reyes 2012
El Salvador Jaime Medina 2012–2013
El Salvador Óscar Navarro 2013–2015
El Salvador Gerson Mayen 2015–2016
El Salvador Diego Chavarría 2016–2017
El Salvador Gerson Mayen 2018–2019
El Salvador Alexander Méndoza 2020–2021
El Salvador Marlon Cornejo 2022
El Salvador Gilberto Baires 2022–2023
El Salvador Néstor Renderos 2023
El Salvador Aquiles Méndez 2024-Present

World Cup players

Players that have played for Santa Tecla in their career and played in a World Cup:

Copa America players

Players that have played for Santa Tecla in their career and played in a Copa America:

Players with 50 or more goals/appearances for Santa Tecla

Includes competitive appearances only. Current players in bold

  • Brazil Ricardinho (207 games, 80 goals)
  • El Salvador Juan Barahona (190 games)
  • El Salvador Gerson Mayen (180 games)
  • El Salvador Marlon Cornejo (148 games)
  • El Salvador Bryan Tamacas (153 games)
  • Mexico Joel Almeida (139 games)
  • El Salvador Alexander Mendoza (130 games)
  • El Salvador Gilberto Baires (113 games)
  • Argentina Facundo Simioli (83 games)
  • El Salvador Rodrigo Rivera (74 games)

List of coaches

Santa Tecla has had 20 permanent managers since it first appointed Armando Contreras Palma as coach in 2007. The longest serving manager was Osvaldo Escudero, who managed Santa Tecla for two years from May 2014 to May 2016. Edgar Henríquez "Kiko" won the club's first title, winning the Segunda División title in 2011, while Osvaldo Escudero "El Pichi" won the club's first Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador (La Primera) title in 2015. This was followed by Ernesto Corti, who coached then to a second (2016) and third (2017) consecutive La Primera titles. Corti also won Copa El Salvador in 2017. Argentinian Christian Díaz made it four consecutive with the 2018 Apertura title. The current coach is Salvadorian Juan Ramón Sánchez.

Name From To
El Salvador Armando Contreras Palma 2007 2007
El Salvador Jorge Alberto Perez Quezada 2008 Nov 2009
El Salvador Leonel Cárcamo Nov 2009 Feb 2010
El Salvador Efren Marenco Feb 2010 July 2010
El Salvador Armando Contreras Palma Aug 2010 Oct 2010
El Salvador Jorge Búcaro Oct 2010 Dec 2010
Uruguay Rubén Alonso Dec 2010 Nov 2011
El Salvador Edgar Henríquez "Kiko" Dec 2011 June 2012
Argentina Osvaldo Escudero "El Pichi" June 2012 Oct 2012
El Salvador Guillermo Rivera Oct 2012 Dec 2012
El Salvador William Renderos Iraheta Dec 2012 Sept 2013
El Salvador Edgar Henríquez "Kiko" Sept 2013 May 2014
Argentina Osvaldo Escudero "El Pichi" May 2014 May 2016
Argentina Ernesto Corti June 2016 December 2017
Uruguay Rubén da Silva[16][17][18][19] December 2017 June 2018
Argentina Christian Díaz June 2018 April 2019
El Salvador Rodolfo Gochez (Interim) April 2019 April 2019
Uruguay Sebastian Abreu April 2019 May 2019
El Salvador Rodolfo Gochez May 2019 August 2019
El Salvador Leonel Cárcamo (Interim) August 2019 September 2019
Mexico Marco Sánchez Yacuta September 2019 January 2020[20]
Argentina Osvaldo Escudero "El Pichi" January 2020 July 2020
Argentina Juan Andrés Sarulyte August 2020 October 2020
El Salvador Jaime Medina (Interim) October 2020 January 2021
Uruguay Rubén da Silva January 2021 September 2021
El Salvador Rodolfo Góchez (Interim) September 2021 December 2021
Uruguay Daniel Bartolotta December 2021 March 2022
El Salvador Leonel Cárcamo March 2022 June 2022
Argentina Ernesto Corti June 2022 May 2023
El Salvador Francisco Medrano July 2023 October 2023
El Salvador Juan Ramón Sánchez October 2023 April 2024
El Salvador Francisco Medrano April 2024 July 2024
Hiatus July 2024 Present

Club records

The Mexican goalkepper Joel Almeida holds Santa Tecla overall appearance record having played in 223 matches over the course of 8 seasons from 2015 to 2020 and 2022 to 2023. Following him is former defeneder Juan Barahona who contested 222 matches over the course of 11 seasons from 1997 to 2008.

The club's all-time leading scorer is Brazilian Ricardo Ferreira, who scored 81 goals while at the club from 2013 to 2018 and 2019 to 2020. Ricardo Ferreira is also third behind Joel Almeida and Juan Barahona in all time appearances having played in TBD matches during his 8-year stint at the club. Brazilian Ricardo Ferreira hold the record for most goals scored during a league season for Santa Tecla, he notched 10 goals, which he attained in the TBD season.

Santa Tecla's biggest league victory is 8–0 which occurred during the 2016 season against Pasaquina. Santa Tecla biggest victory in the Copa El Salvador 6-1 Escuela de Fútbol de Guazapa in 2016-2017 edition of the competition. The club's biggest victory on the CONCACAF stage occurred during the 1995 season, where Santa Tecla defeated American-based club Seattle Sounders FC 2–1.

Argentinian Osvaldo Escudero had the longest reign as Santa Tecla coach, with two years and six months (two consecutive) in charge, while Argentinian Ernesto Corti is the most successful coach in Santa Tecla history with two Primera division wins (Apertura 2016, Clausura 2017) and one Copa El Salvador (2016–2017) title.

  • First victory for Santa Tecla 2–1 Once Municipal, 6 August 2012
  • Record League victory: 8-0 v Pasaquina, Primera division, 14 February 2016
  • Record League Defeat: 1-7 v Alianza, Primera division, 22 July 2012

International level

  • As of 24 January 2023
Opponent First meeting Last Meeting Pld W D L GF GA GD
Guatemala Municipal August 20, 2015 August 25, 2015 2 0 1 1 2 3 −1
United States Real Salt Lake September 15, 2015 September 24, 2015 2 0 1 1 1 2 −1
United States Seattle Sounders FC February, 2018 March 2018 2 1 0 1 2 5 −3
Costa Rica Herediano August 2, 2018 August 2018 2 1 0 1 2 2 0
Nicaragua Real Esteli 30 July 2019 6 August 2019 2 1 0 1 2 2 0
Costa Rica San Carlos 20 August 2019 27 August 2019 2 0 2 0 0 0 0
Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

League season performance

Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador (La Primera): (Apertura 2012 – Clausura 2024)

Season League Position GP W D L GF GA PTS Playoffs Pl. W D L GS GA PTS
Apertura 2012 La Primera 7th 18 5 6 7 24 33 21 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2013 La Primera 5th 18 8 5 5 24 17 29 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Apertura 2013 La Primera 8th 18 4 7 7 24 30 19 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2014 La Primera 5th 18 7 4 7 25 24 25 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Apertura 2014 La Primera 1st 18 8 6 4 20 15 30 Semi-finalist 2 0 1 1 1 2 1
Clausura 2015 La Primera 3rd 18 8 5 5 26 23 29 Champion 3 2 1 0 7 5 7
Apertura 2015 La Primera 4th 22 9 7 6 47 34 34 Quarter-finalist 2 0 1 1 1 2 1
Apertura 2016 La Primera 3rd 22 11 5 6 31 27 38 Champion 5 3 1 1 10 7 10
Clausura 2017 La Primera 3rd 22 9 7 6 36 27 34 Champion 5 4 1 0 10 2 13
Apertura 2017 La Primera 2nd 22 10 9 3 41 23 39 Runner-up 5 1 2 2 3 6 5
Apertura 2018 La Primera 2nd 22 12 7 3 40 12 47 Runner-up 5 2 2 1 6 3 8
Clausura 2018 La Primera 2nd 22 14 5 3 33 18 43 Champion 5 4 1 0 10 5 12
Clausura 2019 La Primera 6th 22 7 9 6 29 30 30 Quarterfinals 2 0 0 2 1 3 0
Apertura 2019 La Primera 6th 22 8 7 7 33 26 31 Semi-finalist 4 1 2 1 4 3 4
Clausura 2020 La Primera 10th 11 2 5 4 11 13 11 Season cancelled - - - - - - -
Apertura 2020 La Primera 11th 15 2 6 7 12 24 12 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2021 La Primera 2nd 16 6 4 6 23 24 22 Semi-finalist 4 3 0 1 6 4 9
Apertura 2021 La Primera 10th 22 6 6 10 23 33 24 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2022 La Primera 12th 22 4 7 11 19 32 19 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Apertura 2022 La Primera 9th 10 3 2 5 15 17 11 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2023 La Primera 9th 22 6 7 9 26 29 25 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Apertura 2023 La Primera 12th 22 1 8 13 20 42 11 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Clausura 2024 La Primera 10th 22 5 5 12 26 39 20 Did not qualify - - - - - - -

Other departments

Football

Reserve team

The reserve team serves mainly as the final stepping stone for promising young players under the age of 21 before being promoted to the main team. The second team is coached by [ Rodrigo Vanegas. the team played in the Primera División Reserves, their greatest successes were winning the Reserve championships in Clausura 2017, Apertura 2017, Clausura 2019 and Apertura 2021.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
32 El Salvador SLV M Perez
33 El Salvador SLV A Nerio
35 El Salvador SLV Rodrigo Rodríguez
37 El Salvador SLV Brandon Amaya
38 El Salvador SLV O Guardado
40 El Salvador SLV Fernando Sánchez
41 El Salvador SLV M Garcia
47 El Salvador SLV A Figueroa
48 El Salvador SLV W Escobar
No. Pos. Nation Player
52 El Salvador SLV M Barahona
54 GK El Salvador SLV J Osorio
57 El Salvador SLV Samuel Rosales
63 El Salvador SLV B Guevara
65 El Salvador SLV W Gutierrez
El Salvador SLV Andrés Rivas
El Salvador SLV Aldair Pérez
El Salvador SLV René Fuentes
El Salvador SLV Carlos Alfaro

Junior teams

The youth team (under 17 and under 15) has produced some of El Salvador's top football players, including TBD and TBD. They are currently coached by Douglas Vidal Jiménez

Women's team

The women's first team, which is led by head coach René David López, features several members of the El Salvador national ladies team including Damaris Quelez (who won golden boot 42 goals). Their greatest successes was winning the 2023 title. [4]

Name Years Honours
El Salvador TBD TBD-TBD
El Salvador TBD TBD-TBD
El Salvador René David López TBD-Present 1 Liga Femenina (2022 Clausura)

Other sports

Santa Tecla has other departments for a variety of sports.

Basketball

Santa Tecla Básquetbol Club was founded on 2015 and play Liga Mayor de Baloncesto (LMB) which is the highest level in El Salvador league tier. the club is led by head coach Ernesto “el Colocho” Rodríguez, the club features several key members including Puerto Rican Bryan Vásquez and TBD. Their greatest successes were winning the 2016 Clausura, 2018 Clausura, 2019 Apertura, Apertura 2023

Baseball

Santa Tecla Béisbol Club was founded on 2016 and play Liga Nacional de Béisbol (LNB) which is the highest level in El Salvador league tier. the club is led by head coach Venezuelan Jesús Cartagena, the club features several key members including Puerto Rican Bryan Vásquez and TBD. Their greatest successes were reaching the TBD

Volleyball

Santa Tecla Voleibol Club was founded on 2016 and play Campeonaro Nacional which is the highest level in El Salvador league tier. the club is led by head coach TBD, the club features several key members including TBD and TBD. Their greatest successes were reaching the TBD

References

  1. ^ Gráfico, El. "En Santa Tecla ya planifican el Apertura 2017". Archived from the original on 21 May 2017.
  2. ^ "El Tecla se movió en el estadio Cuscatlán - elsalvador.com". 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Los duelos de la final entre Alianza y Santa Tecla - elsalvador.com". 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017.
  4. ^ "$292,660 recaudó la final del Clausura entre Alianza y Santa Tecla - elsalvador.com". 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017.
  5. ^ "Delantero paraguayo ficha por Santa Tecla – Culebrita Macheteada – Futbol El Salvador – Culebrita Macheteada – Futbol El Salvador". www.culebritamacheteada.com.sv. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Estamos a tiempo".
  7. ^ "Con el espíritu de la hoja brava". La Prensa Gráfica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. (in Spanish)
  8. ^ "El Salvador 2007/08". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. – RSSSF
  9. ^ "El Gráfico | Júbilo tecleño tras el pase a primera". El Gráfico. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. (in Spanish)
  10. ^ "Deportes - elsalvador.com". www.edhdeportes.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  11. ^ "Santa Tecla confirma interés en Gerson Mayén". elgrafico.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  12. ^ "Santa Tecla quiere jugar Liga de Campeones de CONCACAF en Las Delicias". Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  13. ^ "Santa Tecla cierra cupo de extranjeros con un defensa colombiano - elsalvador.com". 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  14. ^ "Primera división realizó homenaje a José Vidal Hernández". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  15. ^ "Presidente de Primera División presenta renuncia a Comisión de Estatutos de la FESFUT". Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Rubén da Silva: "Será difícil hacer lo que hizo Corti en Santa Tecla"". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  17. ^ "Santa Tecla sudó helado en su primer fogueo". Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  18. ^ "Rubén Da Silva quedó satisfecho en su debut". Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  19. ^ "Da Silva, contento por la eficacia de su equipo". Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  20. ^ "Sánchez Yacuta no dirigirá al Santa Tecla en el Clausura 2020". El Gráfico (in Spanish). 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.