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Samvatsari

This article is about a Jain festival of the Śvetāmbara sect. For Digambara sect's annual Forgiveness Day, see Kshamavani. For the process by which a victim undergoes a change in feelings and lets go of vengefulness, see forgiveness.
Samvatsari
The Jain flag in India
Official nameSamvatsari Pajushan
Also calledForgiveness Day
Observed byŚvetāmbara sect of Jains worldwide
Liturgical colorWhite
TypeJain
SignificanceLast day of Paryushan festival, on which Jains forgive and seek forgiveness from all living beings
Celebrations1 day
ObservancesMicchami Dukkadam (Asking for forgiveness), Pratikramana (Introspection)
DateBhadrapada Shukla Panchami
FrequencyAnnual
Related toParyushan, Kshamavani
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Saṃvatsari (Sanskrit: संवत्सरी) (lit. Annual Day or fig. Forgiveness Day) is the last day of Paryushana according to the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism. It falls on Shukla Choth each year in the Jain calendar month of Bhadrapada, somewhere between the middle of August and September in the Gregorian calendar.

On this day, Jains forgive and seek forgiveness for their mistakes committed, knowingly or unknowingly, on all the living beings. A yearly, elaborate penitential retreat called "samvatsari pratikramana" is performed on this day. After the pratikramana, Jains seek forgiveness from all the creatures of the world, including friends and relatives by uttering the phrase — Micchami Dukkadam or its variants like "Khamau Sa", "Uttam Kshama" or "Khamat Khamna".

Etymology

Samvatsari is derived Sanskrit language. Samvatsara refers to a "year" in Vedic literature such as the Rigveda and other ancient texts.[1] Thus, Samvatsari literally refers to a day that comes annually.

Customs and Traditions

As a matter of ritual, they personally greet their friends and relatives Micchami Dukkadam. No private quarrel or dispute may be carried beyond Saṃvatsarī and messages, telephone calls are made to the outstation friends and relatives asking their forgiveness.[2]

Being the holiest day of the Jain calendar,[3][4] many Jains observe a complete fast on this day.

Samvatsari and Kshamavani

While Samvatsari and Kshamavani are typically associated with Śvetāmbara sect and Digambara respectively, there is no major difference between the two days and both are observed as Forgiveness Days. Rather, the two are usually used interchangeably.

However, a major difference between the two is that despite both Samvatsari and Kshamavani falling on the last day of Paryushan, they are in fact two different days. This is because the Paryushan festival for the two sects itself commences on different dates and is of varying duration.

As a result, while Samvatsari is observed on Shukla Chaturthi of Bhadrapada month by the Śvetāmbaras, the Digambaras celebrate it on the first day of Ashvin Krishna month of the lunar-based Jain calendar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bettina Bäumer; Kapila Vatsyayan (1992). Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-81-208-1044-0.
  2. ^ Hastings, James (2003), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 10, Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-0-7661-3682-3 p.876
  3. ^ Shah, Nathubhai (1998). Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Volume I and II. Sussex: Sussex Academy Press. ISBN 1-898723-30-3. p. 212
  4. ^ "Jains pray for peace, brotherhood". The Hindu. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2009.


Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvatsari