Australian white ensign

Use	Naval ensign
Adopted	First used on RAN ships in 1967.
Design	A defaced British White Ensign without the cross. The cross is replaced with the Southern Cross and the Commonwealth Star/Federation Star.

The Australian white ensign (also known as the Australian naval ensign or the Royal Australian Navy ensign) is a naval ensign used by ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1967 onwards. From the formation of the RAN until 1967, Australian warships used the British white ensign as their ensign. However, this led to situations where Australian vessels were mistaken for British ships, and when Australia became involved in the Vietnam War, the RAN was effectively fighting under the flag of another, uninvolved nation. Proposals were made in 1965 for a unique Australian ensign, which was approved in 1966, and entered use in 1967.

The Australian white ensign is identical in design to the Australian national flag, but with the reversal of the blue background and the white Commonwealth Star and Southern Cross.

Before Australia's Federation, the Colonial navies flew the British Blue Ensign, defaced with the symbol of the relevant colony.^[1] When operating outside colonial waters, these ships had to be commissioned into the Royal Navy, and consequently flew the British white ensign.^[2]

During the early 1900s, several British dominions, including Australia, began to campaign for the right to create naval forces independent of the Royal Navy, and capable of deploying outside territorial waters.^[1] During the 1909 Imperial Conference, Canada and Australia campaigned for this, and suggested that these ships fly the British White Ensign, defaced with an emblem representing the dominion.^[1] No binding decision was made on the matter.^[1] During the lead up to the creation of the RAN, the issue was raised again: Australian politicians and the public wanted Australian ships to fly a unique ensign, while the British Admiralty wanted them to fly the British White Ensign.^[1][3] Suggested Australian ensigns included the British ensign defaced with a blue Commonwealth Star, or a variant of the Australian national flag.^[4] Australian warships used the national flag as an ensign until the formal creation of the RAN from the Commonwealth Naval Forces on 10 July 1911: ships were ordered to fly the British ensign, while the Australian flag was used as a jack to identify their nationality.^[4][5]

Australian warships regularly found themselves mistaken for their British counterparts.^[6] One attempt to alleviate this was made by the executive officer of HMAS Anzac during the Korean War, when he had a kangaroo-shaped 'weathervane' made and mounted to the destroyer's mainmast: this became the basis for the red kangaroo symbol fixed to the funnels or superstructure of major RAN vessels.^[7][8]

Australia's participation in the Vietnam War put the RAN in a difficult situation: the United Kingdom was not involved in the conflict, and RAN ships were effectively fighting under the flag of another, uninvolved nation.^[1][9] During a Naval Estimates hearing in 1965, Victorian politician Samuel Benson voiced concern over the use of the British ensign by Australian ships on wartime deployments, and Don Chipp, Minister for the Navy, announced that an Australian ensign was under consideration.^[1] In 1966, Prime Minister Harold Holt added his support to the idea that a unique RAN ensign was required.^[4] The First Naval Member of the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board, Sir Alan McNicoll,^{[clarification needed]} proposed two designs to the board members: one retaining the St George's Cross from the old ensign but replacing the Union flag in the canton with the Australian flag, the other retaining the Union flag and replacing the cross with the six stars from the Australian flag.^[10] McNicoll was in favour of retaining the Union flag, and in January 1966, the Naval Board recommended that the second design for the new ensign.^[1][6] The design was approved under section five of the Australian Flags Act 1953.^[4] Royal Assent was granted to the new flag by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 November 1966, and its creation was formally announced by Prime Minister Holt on 23 December 1966.^[1]

The official changeover occurred on 1 March 1967, with all ships and establishments hoisting the new flag that day.^[9] The date was brought forward from 1 May 1967 to correspond with the commissioning of the chartered cargo ship Boonaroo, which became the first ship commissioned under the new ensign.^[1][11] However, the frigate HMAS Stuart was the first to use the ensign, when the ship's company unofficially flew the flag on 25 December 1966 as part of shipboard Christmas Day celebrations while deployed to the Far East Strategic Reserve.^[9] Only two RAN ships served in conflict under both the old and new ensigns: the aircraft carrier (later troopship) HMAS Sydney and the destroyer HMAS Vendetta.^[12]

The flag is white, with the Union flag in the canton.^[4] A blue Commonwealth Star is located in the lower hoist.^[4] The Southern Cross constellation is depicted in the fly in the same manner as the national flag, but in blue instead of white.^[4]

Regulations for the use of the Australian White Ensign are detailed in Australian Book of Reference (ABR) 1834 Volume III.^{[citation needed]} Although the flag is normally reserved for use by commissioned warships of the RAN, special dispensation has been granted to the museum vessels HMAS Vampire and HMAS Onslow,^[13] The sail training ship Young Endeavour^[14] as a non-commissioned ship in Naval service wears the AWE.

The Blue Ensign of the Australian Navy Cadets uses the Australian White Ensign in the canton.

During battle, commissioned ships of the RAN will fly a large Australian white ensign at the foremast of single masted ships, and at the mainmast of two masted ships.^[15]

Books

• Cassells, Vic (2000). The Destroyers: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0893-2. OCLC 46829686.
• Cooper, Alastair (2001). "The Era of Forward Defence". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.
• Fairfax, Denis (1980). Navy in Vietnam: a record of the Royal Australian Navy in the Vietnam War 1965–1972. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-642-02821-4. OCLC 9854447.
• Foley, Carol A. (1996). The Australian Flag: Colonial Relic or Contemporary Icon. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press. ISBN 1-86287-188-4. OCLC 34996313.
• Frame, Tom (2004). No Pleasure Cruise: the story of the Royal Australian Navy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-233-4. OCLC 55980812.
• Kwan, Elizabeth (2006). Flag and Nation: Australians and their national flags since 1901. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-567-1. OCLC 70257347.
• Shaw, Lindsey (2007). HMAS Vampire: Last of the big guns (2nd ed.). Sydney, NSW: Australian National Maritime Museum. ISBN 978-0-642-51867-5. OCLC 271312410.

Websites

• Royal Australian Navy. "Australian White Ensign". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.