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Quaquerni

Map of Gallaecia

The Quaquerni or Querquerni were an ancient tribe of Gallaecia, living in the Baixa Limia region of southern Galicia, where the Roman fort of Aquis Querquennis has been found.[1]

Ethnonym

Aquis Querquennis Roman fort, Bande, Galicia

Historical sources

The Quaquerni are also known by the name Quarquerni,[2] Querquernoi,[3] or Quacernoi. Their ethnonym is registered as ÎšÎżÏ…Î±ÎșÎ”ÏÎœÎżÎŻ (KouakernoĂ­), by Greek geographer Ptolemy in his Geographies.[4] Scholars see a possible connection with Venetic Quarqueni, as registered by Pliny[5][6] and located somewhere in historical Istria.[7]

Etymology

The name Querquerni is probably related to Latin quercus ("oak"),[8][9] which stems from Proto-Indo-European root *pĂ©rkÊ·us, meaning "oak". It is probably a Q-Celtic formation meaning "the Oak People / Warriors",[10][1][11][12][13] related to:

  • Middle Irish ceirt "apple-tree", Middle Welsh perth "bush", from *kÊ·erxt-, from an earlier *kÊ·erkÊ·t- < *perkÊ·t-[14]
  • the Continental Celtic toponyms Hercynian forest and the Pannonian tribe Hercuniates, where the early delabialization of kÊ· before u prevented p.. kÊ· > kÊ· .. kÊ·:[14][15] so *perkÊ·unia > *perkunia > *fercunia; note that there is no u after kÊ· in *kÊ·erkÊ·ern-. They are all related to the Germanic branch maybe borrowed from Pre-Celtic *percunia, that is to say : Gothic fairgunni "mountain (covered with oaks)", Anglo-Saxon firgen- "mountain wood", Old High German Fergunna, Virgundia waldus, etc.[16]
  • French place names derived from the forms Perciacum, Percoialum, Percunia, Percetum, Erciacum, etc.[10]

Location

Ancient sources tell of a place named Aquae Quarquernae.[17][7] Alternate names are Aquis Querquennis and Aquis Cercennis.[18]

Relations to other tribes

The Quaquerni were a subdivision of the Gallaeci Bracarii.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Manuel Albaladejo Vivero (2012). LĂ©xico de topĂłnimos y etnĂłnimos del Noroeste de la PenĂ­nsula IbĂ©rica en la AntigĂŒedad. Polifemo Ediciones. p. 132. ISBN 978-84-96813-63-2.
  2. ^ Guerra, Amilcar. (2005). Povos, cultura e lĂ­ngua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomĂĄstica. PalaeohispĂĄnica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua, ISSN 1578-5386, NÂș. 5, 2005 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispĂĄnicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004)), p. 806.
  3. ^ Plinius Secundus, Gaius. Geographie: Europea. Bucher 3. 2. Auflage. Roderich König und Gerhard Winkler. DĂŒsseldorf/ZĂŒrich: Patmos Verlg GmbH & Co. KG. 2002. p. 498. ISBN 3-7608-1583-9.
  4. ^ "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), QUERQUERNI".
  5. ^ PrĂłsper, Blanca MarĂ­a (2014). GarcĂ­a Alonso, Juan Luis (ed.). Continental Celtic Word Formation: The Onomastic Data. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. p. 190. ISBN 978-84-9012-383-6.
  6. ^ Whatmough, Joshua. Language 26, no. 2 (1950): 302-04. doi:10.2307/410070.
  7. ^ a b Moralejo, Juan J. "Labiovelares en material galaico y lusitano". In: Callaica Nomina: Estudios de Onomåstica Gallega. Biblioteca Filolóxica Galega. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, D.L. 2007. pp. 231.
  8. ^ LujĂĄn Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 16. p. 724. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16
  9. ^ Rhys, John. "II. The Celts and the other Aryans of the P and Q Groups". In: Transactions of the Philological SocietyVolume 22, Issue 1. Oxford: Published for the Society by B. Blackwell. 1893 [December, 1891]. pp. 108-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1891.tb00643.x
  10. ^ a b Lajoye, Patrice; Oudaer, Guillaume (2014). "*Percos/*Ercos: An Unknown Celtic Theonym". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 42 (1–2): 40–100. ISSN 0092-2323.
  11. ^ Curchin, Leonard A. (2008) Estudios GallegosThe toponyms of the Roman Galicia: New Study. CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS GALLEGOS LV (121): 111.
  12. ^ Falileyev 2007, s.v. Quarquerni and Aquae Quarquernae.
  13. ^ de Bernando Stempel, Patrizia (2014-05-19). Linguistically Celtic ethnonyms: towards a classification: in "Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe". Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. p. 102.
  14. ^ a b Ranko Matasović (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. p. 178. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1.
  15. ^ Xavier Delamarre, La langue gauloise : Une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental, Ă©ditions Errance, Paris, 2003, pp. 164 - 165.
  16. ^ DELAMARRE 164 - 165.
  17. ^ Suarez, PlĂĄcido. "La estructuraciĂłn territorial y Ă©tnica del Conventus Bracarensis". In: MINIUS. Revista do Departamento de Historia, Arte e XeografĂ­a. Universidade de Vigo. Servizo de PublicaciĂłns. NÂș X, 2002. pp. 111-112, 119 and 127.
  18. ^ BĂșa, Carlos (2007). "O Thesaurus Palaeocallaecus, un proxecto que quere botar a andar". In: Dieter Kremer (Hrsg.). OnomĂĄstica galega: on especial consideraciĂłn da situaciĂłn prerromana. Actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier (19-20.05.2006), Santiago de Compostela, 2007, p. 27.

Bibliography

  • [Querquerni https://www.lexilogos.com/latin/gaffiot.php?p=1296] in: Gaffiot, FĂ©lix (1934) Dictionnaire IllustrĂ© Latin-Français. Hachette.
  • Bosch-Gimpera Pedro. Les mouvements celtiques. Essai de reconstitution (suite). In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 6, fascicule 1, 1952. pp. 71–126. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1952.1248]; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1952_num_6_1_1248
  • Bosch-Gimpera, Pedro. Les mouvements celtiques. Essai de reconstitution (suite). In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 6, fascicule 2, 1953. pp. 328–355. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1953.1265]; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1953_num_6_2_1265
  • BroĂ«ns, Maurice. L’Onomastique domaniale entre Plateau Central et Garonne au VIIe siĂšcle, d’aprĂšs les textes (suite). In: Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, 8e annĂ©e N°4, dĂ©cembre 1956. pp. 241–265. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rio.1956.1564] www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1956_num_8_4_1564
  • Carnoy, Albert. Le chĂȘne dans la toponymie et la linguistique. In: Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, 10e annĂ©e N°2, juin 1958. pp. 81–101. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rio.1958.1615]; www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1958_num_10_2_1615
  • Falileyev, Alexander (2007) [1997]. Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names. Aberystwyth University. Entries: Aquae Quarquernae and Quarquerni.
  • Guerra, Amilcar. (2005). Povos, cultura e lĂ­ngua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomĂĄstica. PalaeohispĂĄnica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, ISSN 1578-5386, NÂș. 5, 2005 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispĂĄnicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004)), pp. 793–822.
  • LujĂĄn Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 16. pp. 715–748. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16
  • Moralejo, Juan J. "Labiovelares en material galaico y lusitano". In: Callaica Nomina: Estudios de OnomĂĄstica Gallega. Biblioteca FilolĂłxica Galega. FundaciĂłn Pedro BarriĂ© de la Maza, D.L. 2007. pp. 209–243. [originally from: Verba, Anuario Galego de FiloloxĂ­a 30 (2003). pp. 33–58]
  • Olivares Pedreno, Juan Carlos. Los Ástures del conventus lucensis y el culto al dios Lug en el noroeste de Hispania. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 36, n°2, 2010. pp. 117–136.[DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.2010.3234]; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2010_num_36_2_3234
  • Orejas, Almudena et Sastre Prat, InĂ©s. FiscalitĂ© et organisation du territoire dans le Nord-Ouest de la PĂ©ninsule IbĂ©rique: civitates, tribut et ager mensura comprehensus. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 25, n°1, 1999. pp. 159–188. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1999.1529]; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1999_num_25_1_1529
  • Rivas FernĂĄndez, Juan Carlos. "Un nuevo testimonio epigrĂĄfico de los quarquerni y otras cuestiones en torno a la civitas de este pueble". In: BoletĂ­n Auriensem Tomo 9. 1979. pp. 51–66. ISSN 0210-8445
  • Rhys, John. "II. The Celts and the other Aryans of the P and Q Groups". In: Transactions of the Philological SocietyVolume 22, Issue 1. Oxford: Published for the Society by B. Blackwell. 1893 [December, 1891]. pp. 104–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1891.tb00643.x
  • Suarez, PlĂĄcido. "La estructuraciĂłn territorial y Ă©tnica del Conventus Bracarensis". In: MINIUS. Revista do Departamento de Historia, Arte e XeografĂ­a. Universidade de Vigo. Servizo de PublicaciĂłns. NÂș X, 2002. pp. 111–134.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaquerni