Peranemid
| Peranemid | |
|---|---|
| |
| Light microscopy photograph of a Peranema species | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Euglenozoa |
| Class: | Euglenida |
| Clade: | Spirocuta |
| Order: | Peranemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 |
| Family: | Peranemidae Bütschli, 1884 |
| Genera | |
The peranemids are a group of phagotrophic flagellates, single-celled eukaryotes or protists. They belong to the Euglenida, a diverse lineage of flagellates that contains the closely related euglenophyte algae. Like these algae, peranemids have flexible cells capable of deformation or metaboly, and have one or two flagella in the anterior region of the cell. They are classified as family Peranemidae (ICZN) or Peranemataceae (ICBN) within the monotypic order Peranemida (ICZN) or Peranematales (ICBN).
Description
Peranemids are unicellular eukaryotes or protists. They are flagellates, with one or two flagella for locomotion. The flagella are located in the anterior end of the cell, and are used in a gliding motion in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward.[1] In addition, like some other euglenids, their cells exhibit a certain movement known as metaboly or 'euglenid motion' characterized by extreme flexibility and malleability.[2]
Evolution
Peranemids are a group of Euglenida, a diverse lineage of flagellates containing the closely related euglenophyte algae. In particular, both peranemids and euglenophytes belong to the Spirocuta clade, which contains all flexible euglenids capable of elastic movement or metaboly. This quality is due to the high number of proteinaceous strips that are present underneath their cell membrane, in comparison to more basal euglenids such as ploeotids which are completely rigid.[2]
In molecular phylogenetic analyses, they were solved as a paraphyletic group encompassing various independent clades scattered across the Spirocuta clade.[2] More recent multigene analyses resolve peranemids as the monophyletic sister group of the photosynthetic Euglenophyceae.[3][4] However, these analyses are incomplete, since there is a lack of molecular data for the peranemid genus Teloprocta, and other genera such as Urceolus and Heteronema are not fully represented. For these reasons, the monophyly of peranemids has not been completely tested.[3] These findings are summarized in the following cladogram:
Classification
Currently, five genera are accepted within the peranemids:[2]
- Peranema Christen, 1962
- Chasmostoma Massart, 1920
- Jenningsia Schaeffer, 1918 (=Peranemopsis Lackey, 1940)[5]
- Teloprocta Cavalier-Smith, 2016
- Urceolus Mereschkowsky, 1877 (=Phialonema Stein, 1878; Urceolopsis Stokes, 1887)
References
- ^ Gordon Lax; Alastair G. B. Simpson (16 August 2020). "The Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods". Protist. 171 (5): 125757. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 33126020. Wikidata Q101127864.
- ^ a b c d Alexei Y. Kostygov; Anna Karnkowska; Jan Votýpka; Daria Tashyreva; Kacper Maciszewski; Vyacheslav Yurchenko; Julius Lukeš (10 March 2021). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11: 200407. doi:10.1098/RSOB.200407. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388. Wikidata Q125548575.
- ^ a b G. Lax; M. Kolisko; Y. Eglit; et al. (June 2021). "Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 159: 107088. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2021.107088. ISSN 1055-7903. Wikidata Q110667805.
- ^ Gordon Lax; Anna Cho; Patrick J. Keeling (30 March 2023). "Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (4). doi:10.1111/JEU.12973. ISSN 1066-5234. Wikidata Q123348233.
- ^ W.J. Lee; R. Blackmore; D.J. Patterson (1999). "Australian records of two lesser known genera of heterotrophic euglenids – Chasmostoma Massart, 1920 and Jenningsia Schaeffer, 1918". Protistology. 1 (1): 10–16.