Pemon language
| Pemon | |
|---|---|
| Arecuna | |
| Ingarikó, Kapon | |
| Native to | Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana |
| Ethnicity | Pemon |
Native speakers | (6,000 cited 1990–2006)[1] |
Cariban
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | aoc |
| Glottolog | pemo1248 |
| ELP | Pemón |
The Pemon language (or Pemón in Spanish) is an indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana.
It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), Taulipang, and Taurepan (Camaracoto may be a distinct language). The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of the two dialects Arecuna (or Arekuna) or Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages.
Pemon is one of several other closely related Venezuelan Cariban languages which also include the Macushi and Kapon (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages. The broad Kapon (or Kapong) and selective Ingariko (or Ingarikó) terms are also used locally as a common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, and Patamono peoples (and sometimes as well the Macushi people), and may be used as well to refer to the group of the four Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages that they speak.
Typology
The Pemon language's syntax type is SOV with alternation to OVS.[2]
Writing
Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish.[3]
Phonology
Vowels
Arekuna Pemon has the following vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open-mid | e | ɤ[4] | o |
| Open | a |
There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinguishing between pairs such as /o/ and /ɤ/. Diphthong sounds are [aɪ, au, ɔɪ, eɪ].
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ||
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Tap/Flap | ɾ | ||||
| Approximant | j | w |
Allophones of /s n k j/ are [tʃ ŋ ʔ ʎ].[5]
Grammar
Pronouns in Pemon are:
| Pemon | English |
|---|---|
| yuré | I, me |
| amäre | you (singular) |
| muere, mesere | he, she |
| urekon | we |
| ina | we (exclusive) |
| amärenokon | you (plural) |
| ichamonan | they, them |
References
- ^ Pemon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ La Transitividad en Japrería Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Guide for Pemon (Spanish) - ^ Edwards 1978 p. 224 uses the symbol ɵ for a mid back unrounded vowel.
- ^ Edwards 1978
Literature
- Edwards, Walter F. (1978). "A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 223–227. JSTOR 1264946.
- Gutiérrez Salazar, Mariano (2001). Gramática didáctica de la lengua pemón (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. ISBN 980-244-282-8.
- de Armellada, Cesáreo; Olza, Jesús (1999). Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.