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Nadir

For other uses, see Nadir (disambiguation).
Diagram showing the relationship between the zenith, the nadir, and different types of horizon. Note that the zenith is opposite the nadir.

The nadir[a][b] is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface.

The direction opposite of the nadir is the zenith.

Definitions

This diagram depicts a satellite observing backscattered sunlight in the nadir viewing geometry.

Space science

Since the concept of being below is itself somewhat vague, scientists define the nadir in more rigorous terms. Specifically, in astronomy, geophysics and related sciences (e.g., meteorology), the nadir at a given point is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location.

The term can also be used to represent the lowest point that a celestial object reaches along its apparent daily path around a given point of observation (i.e. the object's lower culmination). This can be used to describe the position of the Sun, but it is only technically accurate for one latitude at a time and only possible at the low latitudes. The Sun is said to be at the nadir at a location when it is at the zenith at the location's antipode and is 90° below the horizon.

Nadir also refers to the downward-facing viewing geometry of an orbiting satellite,[2] such as is employed during remote sensing of the atmosphere, as well as when an astronaut faces the Earth while performing a spacewalk. A nadir image is a satellite image or aerial photo of the Earth taken vertically. A satellite ground track represents its orbit projected to nadir on to Earth's surface.

Medicine

Generally in medicine, nadir is used to indicate the progression to the lowest point of a clinical symptom (e.g. fever patterns) or a laboratory count. In oncology, the term nadir is used to represent the lowest level of a blood cell count while a patient is undergoing chemotherapy.[3] A diagnosis of neutropenic nadir after chemotherapy typically lasts 7–10 days.[4]

Figurative usage

The word is also used figuratively to mean a low point, such as with a person's spirits,[5] the quality of an activity or profession,[6] or the nadir of American race relations.[7]

Notes

  1. ^ /ˈneɪdɪər, -dər/, also UK: /ˈnædɪər/; from Arabic: نظير [naðˤiːr], listenⓘ, ALA-LC: naẓīr, meaning "counterpart"
  2. ^ Although the English word Nadir comes from the Arabic naẓīr, the word "Nadir" in Arabic: (نادر) has a different meaning, which is translates as 'rare' in English.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Arabic Dictionary Online Translation LEXILOGOS >>". www.lexilogos.com.
  2. ^ McLaughlin, Richard J.; Warr, William H. (2001). "The Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) for International Space Station" (PDF). Society of Automotive Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  3. ^ "Bone marrow suppression". Chemotherapy Principles: An In-depth Discussion. American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  4. ^ Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Skapik, Julia (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 2 CK (6. ed.). London: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-07-159457-8.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nadir" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
  6. ^ Turner, Janice (December 1, 2007). "The lowest point in British journalism". The Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  7. ^ Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1997) [1965]. The betrayal of the Negro: from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson (1. ed.). New York, NY: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80758-9. OCLC 35777358.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir