M2 4.2-inch mortar
| M2 4.2-inch mortar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Mortar |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1943–1974 (United States) 1943–present |
| Used by | U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps |
| Wars | World War II Korean War First Indochina War Vietnam War Portuguese Colonial War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | U.S. Chemical Warfare Service |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 151 kg (332.89 lbs) |
| Length | 1.22 m (4 ft) |
| Barrel length | 1 m (3 ft 3 in) |
| Shell | 11–13 kg (24 lb 4 oz – 28 lb 11 oz)[1] |
| Caliber | 107 mm (4.2 in) |
| Rate of fire | 5 rpm for 20 minutes 1 rpm indefinitely |
| Muzzle velocity | 250–256 m/s (820–840 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 515 m (563.21 yd) |
| Maximum firing range | 4.4 km (2.7 mi) |
The M2 4.2-inch mortar was a U.S. rifled 4.2-inch (107 mm) mortar used during the Second World War, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. It entered service in 1943. It was nicknamed the "Goon Gun" (from its large bullet-shaped shells, monopod, and rifled bore) or the "Four-Deuce" (from its bore size in inches). In 1951, it began to be phased out in favor of the M30 mortar of the same caliber.
History
The first 4.2 in (110 mm) mortar in U.S. service was introduced in 1928 and was designated the M1 Chemical Mortar. Development began in 1924 from the British 4-inch (102 mm) Mk I smooth-bore mortar. The addition of rifling increased the caliber to 4.2 in (110 mm). The M1 fired chemical shells to a range of 2,400 yards (2,200 m). It was ostensibly meant to fire only smoke shells, as the postwar peace lobby opposed military spending on explosive or poison gas shells.[a][b]
The M2 could be disassembled into three parts to allow it to be carried by its crew. The mortar tube weighed 105 pounds (48 kg), including a screw-in cap at the bottom. The cap contained a built-in fixed firing pin. The standard, a recoiling hydraulic monopod that could be adjusted for elevation, weighed 53 pounds (24 kg). The baseplate had long handles on either side to make it easier to carry; it weighed 175 pounds (79 kg).[3]
Upon the entry of the United States into World War II, the U.S. Army decided to develop a high explosive round for the mortar so that it could be used in a fragmentation role against enemy personnel.[c] In order to extend the range to 3,200 yards (2,900 m), more propellant charge was used and parts of the mortar were strengthened. Eventually, the range of the mortar was extended to 4,400 yards (4,000 m). The modified mortar was redesignated the M2. The M2 was first used in the Sicilian Campaign, where some 35,000 rounds of ammunition were fired from the new weapon. Subsequently, the mortar proved to be an especially useful weapon in areas of rough terrain such as mountains and jungle, into which artillery pieces could not be moved. The M2 was gradually replaced in U.S. service from 1951 by the M30 mortar.
Starting in December 1942, the US Army experimented with self-propelled 4.2 in (110 mm) mortar carriers. Two pilot vehicles based on the M3A1 halftrack were built, designated 4.2 in (110 mm) Mortar Carriers T21 and T21E1.[d] The program was cancelled in 1945.
Before the invasion of Peleliu in September, 1944, the U.S. Navy mounted three mortars each on the decks of four Landing Craft Infantry and designated them LCI(M). They provided useful fire support in situations where conventional naval gunfire, with its flat trajectory, was not effective. Increased numbers of LCI(M) were used in the invasions of the Philippines and Iwo Jima. Sixty LCI(M) were used during the invasion of Okinawa and adjoining islands with Navy personnel operating the mortars.[4]
Tactical organization
4.2 in (110 mm) mortars were employed by chemical mortar battalions. Each battalion was authorized forty-eight M2 4.2 in (110 mm) mortars organized into four companies with three four-tube platoons. Between December 1944 and February 1945, the battalions’ Companies D were inactivated to organize additional battalions. In World War II, an infantry division was often supported by one or two chemical mortar companies with twelve mortars each. In some instances an entire battalion was attached to a division. In the Korean War, an organic heavy mortar company of eight 4.2 in (110 mm) mortars was assigned each infantry regiment while Marine regiments had a mortar company with twelve mortars.
Ammunition
The M2 has a rifled barrel, unusual for a mortar. Thus its ammunition lacks stabilizing tailfins common to most mortars.[5]
The mortar's M3 high explosive (HE) shell packed 3.64 kg (8.0 lb) of explosive charge, placing it between the M1 105-mm HE shell (2.18 kg (4.8 lb) of charge) and M102 155-mm HE shell (6.88 kg (15.2 lb) of charge) in terms of blast effect. The mortar could also fire white phosphorus-based smoke shells and mustard gas shells. The official designation of the latter was Cartridge, Mortar, 4.2-inch. Mustard gas was not used in these wars and the U.S. ended up with a large number of these shells, declaring over 450,000 of them in stockpile in 1997 when the Chemical Weapons Treaty came into force. Destruction efforts to eliminate this stockpile are continuing with a few of these aged shells occasionally found to be leaking.
| Type | Model | Weight | Filler | Muzzle velocity | Range |
| HE | HE M3 Shell | 11.11 kg (24.5 lb) | TNT, 3.64 kg (8.0 lb) | 256 m/s (840 ft/s) | 4 km (2.5 mi) |
| Smoke | WP M2 Shell | 11.57 kg (25.5 lb) | White phosphorus (WP) | 250 m/s (820 ft/s) | 3.9 km (2.4 mi) |
| Chemical | H M2 Shell | 13 kg (29 lb) | HD, 2.7 kg (6.0 lb) or HT, 2.6 kg (5.7 lb) |
256 m/s (840 ft/s) | 4.4 km (2.7 mi)[6] |
Users
Austria: used as of 1984[7]
Brazil: used as of 1984[7]
Belgium: used as of 1984[7]
Bolivia: used as of 1984[7]
Cambodia: used as of 1984[7]
Republic of China (1912-1949): used in the Burma campaign[8]
Colombia: used as of 1984[7]
Cyprus: used as of 1984[7]
Ethiopia: used as of 1984[7]
France[9]
Greece: used as of 1984[7]
Guatemala: used as of 1984[7]
Japan: used as of 1984[7] All M2s were replaced by MO-120-RT by 2010.[10]
Laos: used as of 1984[7]
North Vietnam[9]
Panama Used by the Panama Defense Forces[11]
Paraguay: used as of 1984[7]
Philippines: used as of 1984[7]
Portugal: known as m/951[12]
Republic of Korea: The Armed Forces began receiving M2s after the outbreak of the Korean War, and 254 were in service by the end of the war. Began replacing with M30 or KM30 in 1970s.[13]
South Vietnam[14]
Tunisia: used as of 1984[7]
Turkey: used as of 1984[7]See also
- Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
- ML 4.2-inch mortar – British mortar.
- 107mm M1938 mortar – Soviet mortar.
Notes
- ^ At the outset of World War II, authorized toxic fillings for American mortar shells were Mustard, Lewisite, Phosgene, CNB (a solution of Chloroacetophenone in Benzene and Carbon tetrachloride) and CNS (a solution of Chloroacetophenone and Chloropicrin in Chloroform). Later, Cyanogen chloride was added to this list. Some measure of the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service's opinion of the relative value of different toxic agents for gas shoots may be gauged from the number of shells filled with various agents from 1940 to 1946: 540,746 contained mustard, 49,402 phosgene, 41,353 CNS, 12,957 CNB, and 175 lewisite.[2]
- ^ Thermite and other incendiary rounds could also be fired.
- ^ Experimentation along this line had first begun in 1934.
- ^ The CWC already had the T81 Chemical Mortar Motor Carriage, based on the M5A1, in service.
Notes
- ^ Chamberlain, Peter (1975). Mortars and rockets. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 23. ISBN 0-668-03817-9. OCLC 2067459.
- ^ Bruce Elliott; Rodney Young. "History of the 4.2" Chemical Mortar". www.4point2.org. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ "'Mortars: 4.2-inch M2 Mortar". Infantry Weapons of the Korean War. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
- ^ Kleber, Brooks E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990) [1966], The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, pp. 520–533 – via Hyperwar Foundation
- ^ Mortar Cartridges, 1998, Federation of American Scientists
- ^ U.S. Army TM 43-0001-28, p. 4-84, April 1994.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Janes, pp. 918–926
- ^ Philip Jowett (2005). The Chinese Army 1937–49: World War II and Civil War. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1841769042.
- ^ a b "Vũ khí Việt Nam trong hai cuộc kháng chiến".
- ^ "107 mm Mortar M2". Gallery Rightwing. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon (2007). Just Cause 'Intervention in Panama 1989-90'. Concord Publications Company. pp. 4, 5. ISBN 978-9623616331.
- ^ Abbott, Peter; Rodrigues, Manuel (1998). Modern African Wars 2: Angola and Mozambique 1961–74. Osprey Publishing. p. 18.
- ^ Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 88–91. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2010). Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75. Men at Arms 458. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84908-181-8.
References
- Infantry Weapons of the KOREAN WAR Mortars: 4.2-inch M2 Mortar
- History of the 4.2-inch mortar
- Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984–1985, Ian Hogg (ed.), London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1984. ISBN 0-7106-0796-2.
- Hunnicutt, R. P. (2001). Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-742-7.
- Army Service Forces Catalog CW 11-1
External links
- Popular Science, April 1940, Army's Smoke Throwers early detailed article on 4.2 mortar
- Adding Firepower to Infantry: The 4.2-Inch Chemical Mortar Archived 27 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine – by Christopher Miskimon, courtesy of the Warfare History Network