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Mẫu Thượng Thiên

Painting of Mẫu Thượng Thiên in Lê dynasty costume belonging to the Thánh Nhan project

Mẫu Thượng Thiên (Chữ Hán: 母上天) or Mẫu Đệ Nhất (母第一) is one of the four heavenly mothers in the Four Palaces in Vietnamese folk religion.[1] She is one of the spirits invoked in the form of lên đồng mediumship particularly associated with Đạo Mẫu worship.

The following characters are often considered as the Mẫu Thượng Thiên or the Mẫu Đệ Nhất:

References

  1. ^ Hy V. Luong Tradition, Revolution, and Market Economy in a North Vietnamese Village 2010 Page 307 "In Sơn Dương, many of the non-Buddhist deities — mẫu thượng thiên (goddess of the upper sky), mẫu thượng ngàn (goddess of the highlands), mẫu Thoải (goddess of water), Hắc hổ (black tigers), etc.—were worshipped in the house for ..."