List of state leaders in the 7th century
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Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments |
This is a list of state leaders in the 7th century (601–700) AD.
Africa
Africa: East
- Gersem, King (c.600)
- Armah, King (c.614)
- Ashama ibn-Abjar, King (?–c.630)
Africa: Northeast
- Makuria (complete list) –
- Merkurios, King (697–c.722)
- Zacharias I, King (c.722)
Americas
Americas: Mesoamerica
Maya civilization
- Scroll Serpent, King (579–611)
- Yuknoom Tiʼ Chan, King (619)
- Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ, King (622–630)
- Yuknoom Head, King (630–636)
- Yuknoom Chʼeen II, King (636–686)
- Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ, King (686–c.695)
- Split Earth, King (c.695)
- Copán (complete list) –
- Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat, King (578–628)[1]
- Chan Imix Kʼawiil, King (628–695)
- Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil, King (695–738)
- Yohl Ikʼnal, Queen (583–604)
- Ajen Yohl Mat, Ajaw (605–612)
- Janahb Pakal, Nobleman (c.612)
- Sak Kʼukʼ, Queen (612–615)
- Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal, Ajaw (615–683)
- Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II, Ajaw (684–702)
- Tikal (complete list) –
- 23rd Ruler, Ajaw (c.635)
- 24th Ruler, Ajaw (c.645)
- Nuun Ujol Chaak, Ajaw (pre-657–c.679)
- Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I, Ajaw (682–734)
Asia
Asia: Central
Tibet
- Tagbu Nyasig, King (579–619)
- Namri Songtsen, King (?–629)
- Songtsen Gampo, Emperor (618–649)
- Gungsrong Gungtsen, Emperor (638–c.655)
- Mangsong Mangtsen, Emperor (653–676)
- Tridu Songtsen, Emperor (676–704)
- Khri ma lod, Empress (675–689, 704–712)
Kazakhstan
- Qú Qiángù, ruler (560-601)
- Qú Bóyǎ[42], ruler (601-613, 619-623)
- unnamed usurper, ruler (613-619)
- Qú Wéntài, ruler (623-640)
- Qú Zhìshèng, ruler (640)
Asia: East
Turks
China: Sui dynasty
China: Tang dynasty
- Zhou dynasty –
- Wu Zetian, Empress regnant (690–705)
Japan
Korea
- Baekje (complete list) –
- Yeong-yang, King (590–618)
- Yeong-nyu, King (618–642)
- Bojang, King (642–668)
- Silla (complete list) –
- Balhae (complete list) –
- Go, King (698–719)
Asia: Southeast
Cambodia
- Chenla (complete list) –
- Mohendravarman, King (c.590–611)
- Isanavarman I, King (616–637)
- Bhavavarman II, King (639–657)
- Jayavarman I, King (c.657–681/690)
- Jayavedi, Queen (c.681–713)
Indonesia: Java
- Dewasimha, King (7th/8th century)
- Santanu, King (c.650)
- Dapunta Selendra, King (c.674)
- Shima, Queen (674—703)
- Kertawarman, Maharaja (561–628)
- Linggawarman, Maharaja (628–650)
- Tarusbawa, Maharaja (669–690)
- Tarusbawa, Maharaja (669–723)
- Wretikandayun, Maharaja (612-702)
Malaysia: Peninsular
- Maha Dewa II, Maharaja (c.580–620)
- Maha Dewa III, Maharaja (c.620–660)
- DiMaharaja Putra II, Maharaja (c.660–712)[citation needed]
Thailand
- Lavachakkaraj, King (638–mid 7th century)
- Lao Khao Kaew Mah Mueng, King (late 7th century)
- Lao Sao, King (7th–8th century)
- Camadevi, Queen (7th/8th century)
Vietnam
- Champa (complete list) –
- Kandarpadharma, King (629–?)
- Prabhasadharma, King (?–645)
- Bhadresvaravarman, King (645–?)
- Isanavarman, Queen (?–653)
- Vikrantavarman I, King (653–c.686)
- Vikrantavarman II, King (c.686–c.731)
- Hậu Lý Nam Đế, Emperor (571–603)
Asia: South
Afghanistan
- Shahi Tegin, King (680–739)[3]
Bengal and Northeast India
- Bhaskaravarman, King (600–650)
- Avantivarman, King (unknown)
- Salasthamba, King (650–670)
- Vigrahastambha, King (670–680)
- Palaka, King (680–695)
- Kumara, King (695–710)
- Khadgodyama, King (625–640)
- Jatakhadga, King (640–658)
- Devakhadga, King (658–673)
- Rajabhat, King (673–707)
- Adi Malla, King (694–710)
India
- Samantaraja, King (c.684–709)
- Mangalesha, King (c.592–610)
- Pulakeshin II, King (c.610–642)
- Adityavarman, King (c.643–645)
- Abhinavaditya, King (c.645–646)
- Chandraditya, King (c.646–649)
- Vijaya-Bhattarika, Regent (c.650–655)
- Vikramaditya I, King (c.655–680)
- Vinayaditya, King (680–696)
- Vijayaditya, King (696–733)
- Kubja Vishnuvardhana, King (624–641)
- Jayasimha I, King (641–673)
- Indra Bhattaraka, King (673)
- Vishnu Vardhana II, King (673–682)
- Mangi Yuvaraja, King (682–706)
- Indravarman III, King (589–652)
- Gunarnava, King (652–682)
- Devendravarman I, King (c.652–682)
- Mushkara, King (579–604)
- Polavira, King (604–629)
- Srivikrama, King (629–654)
- Bhuvikarma, King (654–679)
- Shivamara I, King (679–726)
- Vamaraja-deva, King (675–700)[4]
- Śīlāditya I, King (c.595–c.615)
- Kharagraha I, King (c.615–c.626)
- Dharasena III, King (c.626–c.640)
- Dhruvasena II, King (c.640–c.644)
- Chakravarti, King (c.644–c.651)
- Dhruvasena III, King (c.650–c.654–655)
- Kharagraha II, King (c.655–c.658)
- Śīlāditya II, King (c.658–c.685)
- Śīlāditya III, King (c.690–c.710)
- Graha-varman, King (c.600–605)[5]
- The Pallava dynasty has two chronologies of rulers.
- Mahendravarman I, King (6th/7th century)[6]
- Narasimhavarman I, King (630–668)[6]
- Mahendravarman II, King (668–672)
- Paramesvaravarman I, King (late 7th century)[6]
- Harsha, King (c.606–c.647)
- Kadungon, King (590–620)
- Koon Pandiyan, King (7th century)
- Maravarman Avanisulamani, King (c.620–645)
- Jayantavarman, King (c.645–670)
- Arikesari Maravarman, King (c.670–710)
- Prabhakara-vardhana, King (c.580–605)
- Rajya-vardhana, King (c.605–606)
- Harsha, King (c.606–c.647)[7]
- Janssraya Madhava Varma IV, Maharaja (573–621)
Pakistan
- Rai Sahiras II, King (early 7th century)[8]
- Rai Sahasi II, King (early 7th century)
Sri Lanka
- Anuradhapura Kingdom, Sri Lanka (complete list) –
- Aggabodhi II, King (598–608)
- Sangha Tissa II, King (608–608)
- Moggallana III, King (608–614)
- Silameghavanna, King (614–623)
- Aggabodhi III, King (623–623)
- Jettha Tissa III, King (623–624)
- Aggabodhi III, King (624–640)
- Dathopa Tissa I, King (640–652)
- Kassapa II, King (652–661)
- Dappula I, King (661–664)
- Dathopa Tissa II, King (664–673)
- Aggabodhi IV, King (673–689)
- Unhanagara Hatthadatha, King (691–691)
- Manavanna, King (691–726)
Asia: West
Islam
- Muslims –
- Muhammad, Prophet (c.610–632)
- Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (complete list) –
- Hasan ibn Ali, Caliph (661)
- Muawiyah I, Caliph (661 — 680)
- Yazid I, Caliph (680–683)
- Muawiya II, Caliph (683–684)
- Marwan I, Caliph (684–685)
- Abd al-Malik, Caliph (685–705)
Turks
- Niri, Qaghan of the Apa line (c.600)
- Heshana, Qaghan (603–611)
- Sheguy, Qaghan (611–618)
- Tong Yabghu, Qaghan (618–628)
- Külüg Sibir, Qaghan (630–631)
- Irbis Bolun Cabgu, Qaghan (631–633)
- Dulu, Qaghan (633–634)
- Ishbara Tolis, Qaghan (634–638)
- Yukuk Shad, Qaghan (638–642)
- Irbis Seguy, Qaghan (642–651)
- Ashina Helu, Qaghan (651–658)
Persia
- Khosrow II, Shahanshah, King of Kings (591–628)
- Vistahm,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (591–596)
- Kavadh II, Shahanshah, King of Kings (628)
- Ardashir III, Shahanshah, King of Kings (628–629)
- Shahrbaraz, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (629)
- Khosrow III, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (629)
- Borandukht, Shahanshah, King of Kings (629–630)
- Shapur-i Shahrvaraz,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (630)
- Peroz II,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (630)
- Azarmidokht, Shahanshah, King of Kings (630–631)
- Farrukh Hormizd, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (630–631)
- Hormizd VI, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (630–631)
- Khosrow IV, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (631)
- Farrukhzad Khosrau V,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (631)
- Boran, Shahanshah, King of Kings (631–632)
- Yazdegerd III, Shahanshah, King of Kings (632–651)
- Gil Gavbara, Spahbed (642–660)
- Dabuya, Spahbed (660–712)
Yemen
- Al-Hasan al-Muthanna, Imam (680–706)
Europe
Europe: Balkans
- Asparuh, Khan (c.681–701)
- Maurice, Emperor (582–602)
- Theodosius, Co-Emperor (590–602)
- Phocas, Emperor (602–610)
- Heraclius, Emperor (610–641)
- Constantine III, co-Emperor (613–641), Emperor (641)
- Heraklonas, co-Emperor (641), Emperor (641)
- Constans II, Emperor (641–668)
- Constantine IV, co-Emperor (654–668), Emperor (668–685)
- Heraclius, Co-Emperor (659–681)
- Tiberius, Co-Emperor (659–681)
- Justinian II, co-Emperor (681–685), Emperor (685–695, 705–711)
- Leontios, Emperor (695–698)
- Tiberios III, Emperor (698–705)
- Justinian II, co-Emperor (668–685), Emperor (685–695, 705–711)
- unknown archon (fl.610–641)
Europe: British Isles
Man
- Diwg, client King (c.600s)
- Edwin of Northumbria, King (620–633)
- Merfyn Fawr, King (?–c.682)
- Anarawd Gwalchcrwn, King (c.682–?)
Great Britain: Scotland
- Áedán mac Gabráin, King (?–c.606)
- Eochaid Buide, King (?–c.629)
- Connad Cerr, King (?–c.629)
- Domnall Brecc, King (?–c.642)
- Ferchar mac Connaid, King (unknown)
- Dúnchad mac Conaing, King (?–c.654)
- Conall Crandomna, King (?–c.660)
- Domangart mac Domnaill, King (?–c.660)
- Máel Dúin mac Conaill, King (?–c.689)
- Domnall Donn, King (?–c.696)
- Ferchar Fota, King (?–c.697)
- Eochaid mac Domangairt, King (unknown)
- Ainbcellach mac Ferchair, King (?–c.698)
- Fiannamail ua Dúnchado, King (?–700)
- Picts (complete list) –
- Nechtan nepos Uerb, King (595–616)
- Cinioch, King (616–631)
- Gartnait III, King (631–635)
- Bridei II, King (635–641)
- Talorc III, King (641–653)
- Talorgan I, King (653–657)
- Gartnait IV, King (657–663)
- Drest VI, King (663–672)
- Bridei III, King (672–693)
- Taran, King (693–697)
- Bridei IV, King (697–706)
- Nechtan, King (706–724, 728–729)
- Rhydderch Hael, King, (fl.573–612)
- Neithon / Nechtan / Nwython, King (612–621)
- Beli I, King (621–633)
- Eugein I, King (633–645)
- Guret, King (645–658)
- Mermin, King (?–682)
- Elfin(?–693)
- Dumnagual II, King (693–694)
- Beli II, King (694–722)
Great Britain: Northumbria
- Æthelfrith, King (593–616)
- Edwin, King (616–632)
- Eanfrith, King (632–633)
- Oswald, King (634–641)
- Oswiu, King (642–670)
- Deira (complete list) –
Great Britain: England
- Selyf ap Cynan, King (?–c.613)
- Ceretic of Elmet, King (c.614–617)
- Cadwallon ap Cadfan, King (?–634)
- Idris, King (?–635)
- Eugein I of Alt Clut, King (c.642)
- Cadwaladr, King (c.654–c.664)
- Geraint, King (c.670–c.710)
- Bledric ap Custennin, King (c.598–c.613)
- Clemen ap Bledric, King (c.613–c.633)
- Petroc Baladrddellt, King (c.633–c.654)
- Culmin ap Petroc, King (c.659–c.661)
- Donyarth ap Culmin, King (c.661–c.700)
- Geraint of Dumnonia, King (c.700–c.710)
- Sledd, King (587–604)
- Sæberht, Co-King (604–616/617)
- Sexred, Co-King (616/617–617)
- Sæward, Co-King (616/617–617)
- Sigeberht I (the Little), King (617–653)
- Sigeberht II (the Good), King (653–660)
- Swithhelm, King (660–664)
- Sighere, Co-King (664–683)
- Sæbbi, Co-King (664–694)
- Sigeheard, Co-King (694–709)
- Swæfred, Co-King (694–709)
- Æthelberht I, King (c.590–616)
- Eadbald, King (616–640)
- Eorcenberht, King (640–664)
- Eormenred, King (unknown)
- Ecgberht I, King (664–673)
- Hlothhere, King (674/675–685)
- Eadric, King (685–686)
- Mul, King (killed 687)
- Swæfheard, King (687/688–post–692)
- Swæfberht, King (fl. 689)
- Oswine, King (fl. 689–690)
- Wihtred, King (c.693–725)
Great Britain: Wales
- Arthlwys ap Arthwfoddw, King (595–630)
- Clydog ap Arthlwys, King (630–665)
- Seisyll ap Clydog, King (665–700)
- Arthen ap Seisyll, King (700–735)
- Athrwys ap Meurig, King (c.620)
- Morgan the Courteous and Benefactor, King (?–654)
- Anthres ap Morcant ?, King (654–663)
- Iago ap Beli, King (c.599–c.616)
- Cadfan ap Iago, King (c.613–c.625)
- Cadwallon ap Cadfan, King (c.625–634)
- Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw, King (634–c.655)
- Cadwaladr, King (c.655–c.682)
- Idwal Roebuck, King (c.682–c.720)
- Cynan Garwyn, King (582–610)
- Selyf ap Cynan, King (610–613)
- Manwgan ap Selyf, King (613)
- Eiludd Powys, King (613–?)
- Beli ap Eiludd, King (655)
- Gwylog ap Beli, King (695–725)
Ireland
- Ireland (complete list) –
- Áed Uaridnach, High King (601–607)
- Máel Coba mac Áedo, High King (608–610)
- Suibne Menn, High King (611–623)
- Domnall mac Áedo, High King (624–639)
- Cellach and Conall, High Kings (640–656)
- Diarmait and Blathmac, High Kings (657–664)
- Sechnassach, High King (665–669)
- Cenn Fáelad, High King (670–673)
- Fínsnechta Fledach, High King (674–693)
- Loingsech mac Óengusso, High King (694–701)
- Aed mac Colgan, King (?–606)
- Mael Odhar Macha, King (?–636)
- Dunchad mac Ultan, King (?–c.677)
- Mael Fothartaig mac Mael Dubh, King (fl.697)
- Breifne (complete list) –
- Maenach mac Báithin, King (c.653)
- Muiredach Muillethan, King (697–702)
- Cellach Cualann, King (693–715)
- Seachnasach, King (691–711)
- Bécc Bairrche mac Blathmaic, King (692–707)
Europe: Central
- Bavaria (complete list) –
- Tassilo I, Duke (591–610)
- Garibald II, Duke (610–625)
- Theodo, Duke (c.680–716)
- Uncilin, Duke (587–607)
- Gunzo, Duke (fl.613)
- Chrodobert, Duke (fl.630)
- Gundoin, Duke (fl.630s)
- Leuthari II, Duke (fl.642)
- Boniface, Duke (?–c.662)
- Adalrich, Duke (c.662–post-683)
- Adalbert, Duke (post-683–723)
- Samo, King (623–658)
- Berthoald, Duke (fl.622)
- Sorbs –
- Dervan, King (fl.615–636)
Europe: East
- Kotrag, Potentate (675–710)
- Ashina dynasty: Khazar Khagans
- Khazar Beks
- Chorpan Tarkhan, Bek (c.630)
- Utigurs –
Europe: Nordic
- Sweden (complete list) –
- Sölve, King (late 6th–early 7th century)
- Ingvar Harra, King (early 7th century)
- Anund, King (early–mid 7th century)
- Ingjald, King (mid 7th century)
- Ivar Vidfamne, King (c.655–c.695)
Europe: Southcentral
- Agilulf, King (590–616)
- Adaloald, King (616–626)
- Arioald, King (626–636)
- Rothari, King (636-652)
- Rodoald, King (652–653)
- Aripert I, King (653–661)
- Godepert, King (661–662)
- Perctarit, King (661–662)
- Grimoald, King (662–671)
- Garibald, King (671)
- Perctarit, King (671–688)
- Cunipert, King (688–689)
- Alahis, King (689)
- Cunipert, King (689–700)
- Liutpert, King (700–702)
- Ariulf, Duke (592–602)
- Theodelap, Duke (602–650)
- Atto, Duke (650–665)
- Transamund I, Duke (665–703)
- Paolo Lucio Anafesto, Doge (697–717)
Europe: Southwest
- Liuva II, King (601–603)
- Witteric, King (603–610)
- Gundemar, King (610–612)
- Sisebut, King (612–621)
- Reccared II, King (621)
- Suintila, King (621–631)
- Reccimer, King (626–631)
- Sisenand, King (631–636)
- Iudila, King (632–633)
- Chintila, King (636–640)
- Tulga, King (640–641)
- Chindasuinth, King (641–653)
- Recceswinth, King (649–672)
- Froia, King (653)
- Wamba, King (672–680)
- Hilderic, King (672)
- Paul, King (672–673)
- Erwig, King (680–687)
- Egica, King (687–702)
- Suniefred, King (693)
- Wittiza, King (694–710)
Europe: West
- Audulf, conjectured lord (c. 600)[11]
- Adgillus I, King (?–680)
- Redbad, King (678–719)
- Saint Warinus, Count (?–678)
- Saint Warinus, Count (638–677)
Franks
- Kings (complete list) –
- Theudebert II, King (595–612)
- Theuderic II, King (612–613)
- Sigebert II, King (613)
- Chilperic I, King (561–584)
- Chlothar II the Great, King (584–623)
- Dagobert I, King (623–634)
- Charibert II, King (629–632)
- Chilperic, King (632)
- Sigebert III, King (634–656)
- Childebert the Adopted, King (656–661)
- Clovis II, King (639–657)
- Chlothar III, King (657–673)
- Childeric II, King (662–675)
- Theuderic III, King (675–691)
- Dagobert II, King (675–679)
- Clovis IV, King (691–695)
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Mayors of the Palace (complete list) –
- Pepin I, Mayor of the Palace (623–629, 639–640)
- Adalgisel, Mayor of the Palace (629–639)
- Otto, Mayor of the Palace (640–642/643)
- Grimoald the Elder, Mayor of the Palace (642/643–656)
- Wulfoald, Mayor of the Palace (656–680)
- Pepin II of Herstal
- Mayor of the Palace (680–714)
- Duke and Prince of the Franks (687–714)
- Austrasia of the Franks (complete list) –
- Theudebert II, King (595–612)
- Theuderic II, King (612–613)
- Sigebert II, King (613)
- Chlothar II, King (613–623)
- Dagobert I, King (623–634)
- Sigebert III, King (634–656/660)
- Childebert the Adopted, King (656–661)
- Chlothar III, King (661–662)
- Childeric II, King (662–675)
- Clovis III, King (675–676)
- Theuderic III, King (679–691)
- Clovis IV, King (691–695)
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Neustria of the Franks (complete list) –
- Clotaire II, King (584–629)
- Dagobert I, King ((634–639)
- Clovis II, King ((639–655)
- Chlothar III, King (655–673)
- Theuderic III, King (673)
- Childeric II, King ((673–675)
- Theuderic III, King ((675–691)
- Clovis IV, King (691–695)
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Theuderic II (595–613), also King of Austrasia
- Sigebert II (613), also King of Austrasia
- Chram, Duke (555–560)
- Desiderius, Duke (583–587)
- Bladast, Duke (583–587)
- Gundoald, usurper King (584/585)
- Austrovald, Duke (587–589)
- Sereus, Duke (589–592)
- Charibert II, King (629–632)
- Chilperic, King (632)
- Boggis, Duke (c.632–660)
- Felix, Duke (c.660–670)
- Lupus I, Duke (c.670–676)
- Odo the Great, Duke (c.688–c.735)
Eurasia: Caucasus
- Phinictios, King (c.580–610)
- Barnucius, King (c.610–640)
- Demetrius I, King (c.640–660)
- Theodosius I, King (c.660–680)
- Constantine I, King (c.680–710)
- Muhammad ibn Marwan, Emir (c.695–705)
- Guaram I, Prince (588–c.590)
- Stephen I, Prince (c.590–627)
- Adarnase I, Prince (627–637/642)
- Stephen II, Prince (637/642–c.650)
- Adarnase II, Prince (c.650–684)
- Guaram II, Prince (684–c.693)
- Guaram III, Prince (c.693–c.748)
- Adarnase I, Prince (c.580–637)
- Stephanus I, also prince of Iberia, Prince (637–650)
- Adarnase II, prince of Iberia, Prince (650–684)
- Stephanus II, Prince (685–736)
See also
References
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 337.
- ^ In 617, the rebel general Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang) declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong) and "honored" Emperor Yang as Taishang Huang (retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing the Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong during the brief reign of Wang Shichong over the region as the emperor of a brief Zheng (鄭) state) emperor. Meanwhile, Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, declared Emperor Wen's grandson Yang Hao emperor but killed Yang Hao later in 618 and declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor of Sui, while Yang Tong's legitimacy is more recognized by historians but still disputed.
- ^ "The Countenance of the other, ruler (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: Kabulistan and Bactria at the time of "Khorasan Tegin Shah" Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog". pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna.
- ^ Rajiv Kumar Verma (2015). "Kalachuri Inscriptions : A Reflection of Dwindling Political Power" (PDF). Veethika. 1 (3).
- ^ Davidson, Ronald M. (2012). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. Columbia University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-231-50102-6.
- ^ a b c Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Davidson 2012, pp. 38–39.
- ^ "The historical background of Pakistan and its people" by Ahmed Abdulla (Tanzeem Publishers, 1973)
- ^ Andrea Bedina, "Grimoaldo, re dei Longobardi", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 59 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2003).
- ^ a b c d Wickham (1981), 224–25.
- ^ Grierson, Philip (1973–1974), "Korte Bijdragen: A New Audulfus Frisia Triens", Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde (PDF), vol. 60/61, Amsterdam: Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde, pp. 153–156.