List of places visited by Ibn Battuta
This is a List of places visited by Ibn Battuta in the years 1325–1353.
The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta set out from his native town of Tangiers on a pilgrimage to Mecca in June 1325, when he was 21 years old. On completing his first hajj he continued travelling, only returning to Morocco twenty four years later in 1349. In 1350, Battuta visited Al-Andalus and then between 1352-1353 he crossed the Sahara Desert to visit the Kingdom of Mali in West Africa. On his return to Fes he dictated an account of his travels to Ibn Juzayy, a scribe employed by Abu Inan Faris, the Marinid ruler of Morocco.[1]
Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text was translated into English by Hamilton Gibb and Charles Beckingham and published by the Hakluyt Society in four volumes between 1958 and 1994.[2]
Places visited by Ibn Battuta
Over his lifetime, Ibn Battuta travelled over 117,000 kilometres (73,000 miles) and visited around 40 present-day countries.[3]
In the following list the Romanization used by Gibb and Beckingham is given in parentheses. The states are modern. Within each section the towns are listed in the order that they are first mentioned in Ibn Battuta's rihla. Historians such as Hamilton Gibb and Ross Dunn have argued that some parts of Ibn Battuta's rihla are fictional and it is extremely unlikely that he visited all the places that he claimed. The cities for which these scholars argue that Ibn Battuta's visit was fictional are flagged as "disputed" in the list below.
- Tangier, Morocco[4]
- Tlemcen (Tilimsān), Algeria[5]
- Miliana (Milyāna), Algeria[6]
- Algiers (al-Jazā'ir), Algeria[6]
- Béjaïa (Bijāya), Algeria[6]
- Constantine (Qusanṭīna), Algeria[7]
- Annaba (Būna), Algeria[7]
- Tunis, Tunisia[7]
- Sousse (Sūsa), Tunisia[8]
- Sfax (Ṣafāqus), Tunisia[8]
- Gabès (Qābis), Tunisia[9]
- Tripoli (Aṭrābulus), Libya[10]
- Taza (Tāzā), Morocco[11]
- Fez (Fās), Morocco[11]
- Ceuta (Sabta), Spain[12]
- Marrakesh (Marrākush), Morocco[13]
- Salé (Salā), Morocco[13]
- Meknes (Miknāsa), Morocco[14]
- Sijilmasa (Sijilmāsa), Morocco[14]
- Alexandria (al-Iskandarīya), Egypt[15]
- Damanhur (Damanhūr), Egypt[16]
- Fuwwah (Fawwā), Egypt[16]
- Ibyar (Abyār), Egypt[17] 30°50′20″N 30°51′50″E / 30.839°N 30.864°E
- El Mahalla El Kubra (al-Maḥalla al-Kabīra), Egypt[18]
- Damietta (Dimyāt), Egypt[19]
- Faraskur (Fāriskūr), Egypt[20]
- Sebennytos or Samannoud (Samannūd), Egypt[20]
- Cairo (Miṣr), Egypt[21]
- Biba, Egypt[22] 28°55′19″N 30°59′02″E / 28.922°N 30.984°E
- Oxyrhynchus (al-Bahnasa), Egypt[22]
- Minya (Munyat Ibn Khaṣīb), Egypt[22]
- Mallawi (Manlāwī), Egypt[23]
- Manfalut (Manfalūṭ), Egypt[24]
- Asyut (Asyūṭ), Egypt[24]
- Akhmim (Ikhmīm), Egypt[25]
- Hu (Hū), Egypt[26]
- Qena (Qinā), Egypt[26]
- Qus (Qūṣ), Egypt[26]
- Luxor (al-Aqṣur), Egypt[27]
- Esna (Asnā), Egypt[27]
- Edfu (Adfū), Egypt[28]
- ʿAydhab (‘Aidhāb), Egypt[28]
- Bilbeis (Balbais), Egypt[29]
- Gaza (Ghazza), Gaza Strip, Palestine[30]
- Hebron (al-Khalīl), West Bank, Palestine[30]
- Bethlehem (Bait Laḥm), West Bank, Palestine[31]
- Jerusalem (al-Quds), Palestine [31]
- Ramla (al-Ramla), Palestine [32]
- Nablus (Nābulus ), West Bank, Palestine[32]
- Ajloun (‘Ajlun), Jordan[32]
- Tyre (Sūr), Lebanon[33]
- Sidon (Ṣaidā), Lebanon[34]
- Tripoli (Aṭrābulus), Lebanon[35]
- Hama (Ḥamāh), Syria[36]
- Aleppo (Ḥalab), Syria[37]
- Antioch (Antākiya), Turkey[38]
- Bagras (Bughrās), Turkey[39]
- Latakia (al-Lādhiqīya), Syria[40]
- Baalbek (Ba‘labakk), Lebanon[41]
- Damascus, Syria[42]
- Al-Kiswah (al-Kiswa), Syria[43]
- Al Karak (Al-Karak), Jordon[44]
- Ma'an (Ma‘ān), Jordon[45]
- Tabuk (Tabūk), Saudi Arabia[45]
- Medina (al-Madīna), Saudi Arabia[46]
- Rabigh (Rābigh), Saudi Arabia[47]
- Mecca, Saudi Arabia[48]
- Jeddah (Judda), Saudi Arabia[49]
- Zabīd (Zabīd), Yemen[50]
- Jibla (Jubla), Yemen[51]
- Ta'izz (Ta'izz), Yemen[52]
- Sana'a (Ṣan'ā'), Yemen[53] Disputed.[54]
- Aden ('Adan), Yemen[53]
- Salalah (Zafāri), Oman[55]
- Qalhat (Qalhāt), Oman[56]
- Nizwa (Nazwā), Oman[57]
- Bahrain (al-Baḥrain), Bahrain[58] Adjacent shore.
- Qatif (al-Quṭaif), Saudi Arabia[59]
- Hofuf or al-Hasa (Hajar), Saudi Arabia[59]
- Al-Yamama (al-Yamama), Saudi Arabia[59] 24°07′N 47°25′E / 24.117°N 47.417°E
- Najaf (al-Najaf), Iraq[60]
- Basra (al-Basra), Iraq[61]
- Abadan ('Abbādān), Iran[62]
- Bandar-e Mahshahr (Māchūl), Iran[63]
- Ramhormoz (Rāmiz), Iran[63]
- Shushtar (Tustar), Iran[64]
- Izeh (Īdhaj), Iran[65]
- Isfahan (Iṣfahān), Iran[66]
- Shiraz (Shīrāz), Iran[67]
- Kazerun (Kāzarūn), Iran[68]
- Kufa (al-Kūfa), Iraq[69]
- Hillah (al-Ḥilla), Iraq[70]
- Baghdad (Baghdād), Iraq[71]
- Tabriz (Tabrīz), Iran[72]
- Mosul (al-Mawṣil), Iraq[73]
- Cizre (Jazīrat Ibn 'Omar), Turkey[74]
- Sinjar (Sinjār), Iraq[75]
- Mardin (Mārdīn), Turkey[75]
- Hormuz (New Hurmuz), Iran[76]
- Lar (Lār), Iran[77]
- Alanya (al-‘Alāyā), Turkey[82]
- Antalya (Anṭāliya), Turkey[82]
- Burdur (Burdūr), Turkey[83]
- Isparta (Sabartā), Turkey[84]
- Eğirdir (Akrīdūr), Turkey[84]
- Gölhisar (Qul-Ḥiṣār), Turkey[85]
- Laodicea on the Lycus near Denizli (Lādhiq), Turkey[86]
- Tavas (Ṭawās), Turkey[87]
- Muğla (Mughla), Turkey[87]
- Milas (Mīlās), Turkey[87]
- Konya (Qūniya), Turkey[88]
- Karaman (al-Lāranda), Turkey[89]
- Aksaray (Aqsarā), Turkey[90]
- Niğde (Nakda), Turkey[91]
- Kayseri (Qaisarīya), Turkey[91]
- Sivas (Sīwās), Turkey[92]
- Amasya (Amāṣiya), Turkey[93]
- Uluköy (Sūnusā), Turkey[93]
- Gümüşhane (Kumish), Turkey[93]
- Erzincan (Arzananjān), Turkey[94]
- Erzurum (Arz al-Rūm), Turkey[94]
- Birgi (Birgī), Turkey[95]
- Tire (Tīra), Turkey[96]
- Selçuk (Ayā Sulūq), Turkey[96]
- İzmir (Yazmir), Turkey[97]
- Manisa (Maghnīsīya), Turkey[98]
- Bergama (Barghama), Turkey[99]
- Balıkesir (Balī Kasrī), Turkey[100]
- Bursa (Burṣā), Turkey[100]
- İznik (Yasnīk), Turkey[101]
- Geyve (Kāwiya), Turkey[102]
- Taraklı (Yanijā), Turkey[103]
- Göynük (Kainūk), Turkey[104]
- Mudurnu (Maṭurnī), Turkey[104]
- Bolu (Būlī), Turkey[105]
- Gerede (Garadai), Turkey[106]
- Safranbolu (Burlū), Turkey[107]
- Kastamonu (Qaṣṭamūniya), Turkey[107]
- Sinop (Ṣanūb), Turkey[108]
- Constantinople, Turkey[109]
- Feodosia (al-Kafā), Ukraine/Russia[110]
- Stary Krym (al-Qiram), Ukraine/Russia[111]
- Azov (Azāk), Russia[112]
- Majar (al-Māchar), Russia[113]
- Pyatigorsk (Bish Dagh), Russia[114]
- Bolghar (Bulghār), Russia[115] Disputed.[116]
- Astrakhan (al-Ḥājj Tarhān), Russia[117]
- New Sarai (al-Sarā), Russia[118]
- Sarayshyk (Sarāchūq), Kazakhstan[119]
- Konye-Urgench (Khwārizm), Turkmenistan[120]
- Bukhara (Bukhārā), Uzbekistan[121]
- Qarshi (Nakhshab), Uzbekistan[122]
- Samarkand (Samarqand), Uzbekistan[123]
- Termez (Tirmidh), Uzbekistan[124]
- Balkh (Balkh), Afghanistan[125]
- Herat (Harāt), Afghanistan[126] Disputed.[127][128]
- Torbat-e Jam (al-Jām), Iran[129] Disputed.[127][128]
- Tus (Ṭūs), Iran[130] Disputed.[127][128]
- Nishapur (Naisābūr), Iran[131] Disputed.[127][128]
- Bastam (Bisṭām), Iran[132] Disputed.[127][128]
- Kunduz (Qundūz), Afghanistan[132]
- Ghazni (Ghazna), Afghanistan[133]
- Kabul (Kābul), Afghanistan[134]
- Uch (Ūja), Pakistan[135]
- Multan (Multān), Pakistan[135]
- Abohar (Abūhar), India[136]
- Pakpattan (Ajudahan), Pakistan[137]
- Sirsa (Sarasatī), India[138]
- Hansi (Ḥānsī), India[138]
- Delhi (Dihlī), India[139]
- Aligarh (Kuwil), India[140]
- Kannauj (Qinauj), India[141]
- Gwalior (Guyālyur), India[142]
- Ujjain (Ujain), India[143]
- Daulatabad (Dawlat Ābād), India[143]
- Khambhat or Cambay (Kinbāya), India[144]
- Gandhar (Qandahār), India[145] 21°53′13″N 72°39′29″E / 21.887°N 72.658°E
- Honnavar (Hinawr), India[146]
- Mangalore (Manjarūr), India[147]
- Kannur or Cannanore, India[148]
- Kozhikode or Calicut (Qāliqūt), India[149]
- Kollam or Quilon (Kawlam), India[150]
- Malé (Mahal), Maldives[151]
- Puttalam (Baṭṭāla), Sri Lanka[152]
- Adam's Peak (Sarandīb), Sri Lanka[153]
- Dondra Head (Dīnawar), Sri Lanka[154]
- Chittagong, Bangladesh or possibly Satgaon, India (Sudkāwān)[155] Identification of Sudkāwān uncertain.[156]
- Sonargaon (Sunarkāwān), Bangladesh[157]
- Samudera Pasai Sultanate (Sumuṭra), Northern Sumatra, Indonesia[158] Exact location uncertain.[159]
Itinerary 1325–1332
Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1325–1332 (North Africa, Iraq, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia, Swahili Coast)
Itinerary 1332–1346
Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1332–1346 (Black Sea Area, Central Asia, India, South East Asia and China)
Itinerary 1349–1353
References
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Gibb 1958, Vol. 1; Gibb 1962, Vol. 2; Gibb 1971, Vol. 3; Gibb & Beckingham 1994, Vol. 4
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 8 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 9 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1958, p. 10 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1958, p. 12 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 15 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 16 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 17 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 925 Vol. 4.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 934 Vol. 4.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 944 Vol. 4.
- ^ a b c Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 946 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 18 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 30 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 32 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 34 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 36 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 40 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 41 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1958, p. 61 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 63 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 64 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 65 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1958, p. 66 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 67 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 68 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 71 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 73 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 77 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1958, p. 82 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 83 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 84 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 88 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 91 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 94 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 103 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 104 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 113 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 116 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 117 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 158 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 159 Vol. 1.
- ^ a b Gibb 1958, p. 160 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 163 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 186 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 188 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 360 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 366 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 368 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 369 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 371 Vol. 2.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 134 n. 17.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 382 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 396 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 397 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 409 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1962, p. 410 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1958, p. 256 Vol. 1.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 275 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 281 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 283 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 284 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 287 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 294 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 299 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 319 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 322 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 324 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 326 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 344 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 348 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 350 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 352 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 400 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 405 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 363 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 373 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 374 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 379 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 417 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 421 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 422 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 424 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 425 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1962, p. 428 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 430 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 431 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 432 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 433 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 434 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b c Gibb 1962, p. 436 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 437 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 438 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 444 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 445 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 447 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 448 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 449 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 452 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 454 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 455 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 456 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 459 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 460 Vol. 2.
- ^ a b Gibb 1962, p. 461 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 465 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 504 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 470 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 471 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 476 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 479 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 481 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 490 Vol. 2.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 179 Note 12.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 497 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 515 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 539 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 541 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 550 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 555 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 567 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 570 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 571 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 574 Vol. 3.
- ^ a b c d e Dunn 2005, pp. 177, 180 note 23.
- ^ a b c d e Gibb 1962, p. 534 Vol. 2.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 580 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 582 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 584 Vol. 3.
- ^ a b Gibb 1971, p. 585 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 589 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 590 Vol. 3.
- ^ a b Gibb 1971, p. 604 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 609 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 613 Vol. 3.
- ^ a b Gibb 1971, p. 617 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb 1971, p. 621 Vol. 3.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 776 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 784 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 787 Vol. 4.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 793 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 797 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 799 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 802 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 808 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 810 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 812 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 818 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 834 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 847 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 853 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 855 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 868 Vol. 4.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 262 fn. 23.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 873 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 876 Vol. 4.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 263 fn. 29.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 894 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 895 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 899 Vol. 4.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 260, 264 note 38.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 900 Vol. 4.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 252–253, 262 Note 20, 260, 264 note 41.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 905 Vol. 4.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 252–253, 262 Note 20.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 939 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 940 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 941 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 950 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 969 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 971 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 972 Vol. 4.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 976 Vol. 4.
Sources
- Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24385-4.. First published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
- Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1958). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1). London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1962). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2). London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1971). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3). London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R.; Beckingham, C.F., eds. (1994). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4). London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 978-0-904180-37-4. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.