List of skeletal muscles of the human body
This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy, with muscle counts and other information.
Skeletal muscle maps
Anterior view
Posterior view
A more detailed overview
Table
Table explanation and summary
The muscles are described using anatomical terminology. The columns are as follows:
| Name | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Muscle | US English[a] name of the muscle per Terminologia Anatomica (TA),[13] minus the term "muscle", with the words reordered occasionally for better sorting. Parts and bellies are listed out as separate rows, as they are sometimes considered separate muscles. - Anything denoting the muscles relationship to another muscle such as e.g. superior, inferior etc. should always be used as a suffix and not a prefix, to create better sortability of the list. |
| Location | The location of the muscle in a standard human body. The location first specifies a group such as head, neck, torso, upper limbs, or lower limbs, then may have more specific information. However this additional information must be describing location not function. |
| Origin | The bone or other structure the muscle is attached to that remains immobile during the action. The term "bone" is omitted from bone names. |
| Insertion | The attachment point of the muscle, on a bone or otherwise, that moves during the action. |
| Artery | The artery which supplies the muscle with blood. The term "artery" is included to avoid confusing columns. |
| Nerve | The nerve(s) which tell the muscle to act (innervates the muscle). The term "nerve" is included for clarity. |
| Action | The movement performed by the muscle from the standard anatomical position. In other positions, other actions may be performed. |
| Antagonist | The muscle which can 'cancel' or to some degree reverse the action of the muscle. Muscle synergies are noted in parentheses when relevant. |
| O (Occurrences) | Number of times that the named muscle row occurs in a standard human body. Here it may also be denoted when a given muscles only occurs in a male or a female body. By (F) for female and (M) for male, if nothing is denoted. The muscle can be assumed to occur in both genders. This gender denomination should always be behind the number, not in front of it. |
| TA | The number of rows in the table for the relevant Terminologia Anatomica muscle. For example, TA splits the nasalis muscle into transverse and alar parts, so their TA column entries are 2. |
For Origin, Insertion and Action please name a specific Rib, Thoracic vertebrae or Cervical vertebrae, by using C1-7, T1-12 or R1-12.
Summary in numbers
There does not appear to be a definitive source counting all skeletal muscles. Different sources group muscles differently, regarding physical features as different parts of a single muscle or as several muscles. There are also vestigial muscles that are present in some people but absent in others, such as the palmaris longus muscle.[14][15] There are between 600 and 840 muscles within the typical human body, depending on how they are counted.[16][17][18] In the present table, using statistical counts of the instances of each muscle, and ignoring gender-specific muscles, there are 753 skeletal muscles. Sometimes male and females have the same muscle but with different purposes[19]
Numbers based on the list above
| Total number | |
|---|---|
| Total number of entries in Terminologia Anatomica represented in table | 337 |
| Total rows of table (combining TA2 entries) | 289 |
| Types of vestigial muscles listed, which do not always appear in a standard male or female human | 12 |
| Non gender specific skeletal muscles - listed names (combining parts) | 249 |
| Gender specific skeletal muscles - listed names | 6 |
| Non gender specific skeletal muscles - average occurrences (combining parts) | 753 |
| Gender specific skeletal muscles - average occurrences (50% male) | 4.5 |
| Total number of skeletal muscles represented in table (average) | 759.5 |
Agonistic and antagonistic relationships
Muscles are often paired as agonistic and antagonistic muscles.[20] This can be a bit misleading as, in general, it is groups of muscles working together to either make or cancel a movement.[21] The present table lists some well-known relationships but is not at all complete.
Innervation overview
See also
- Accessory muscle
- List of bones of the human skeleton
- List of nerves of the human body
- Circulatory system
- Blood vessel
Notes
- ^ The UK English names differ mainly by the addition of dashes, which are less common in practice.
References
- ^ Pessino, Kenneth; Patel, Jay; Patel, Bhupendra C. (2023), "Anatomy, Head and Neck; Frontalis Muscle", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491684, retrieved 2023-07-02
- ^ "Muscle of terminal notch - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS". www.imaios.com. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
- ^ Weaver, C (February 1978). "Frequency of occurrence of the transversus menti muscle". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 61 (2): 231–3. doi:10.1097/00006534-197802000-00013. PMID 622414. S2CID 27905510.
- ^ Barker, B. C. (October 1981). "The pterygoideus proprius muscle". Australian Dental Journal. 26 (5): 309–310. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.1981.tb05228.x. ISSN 0045-0421. PMID 6949532.
- ^ Maranillo, Eva; Vázquez, Teresa; Mirapeix, Rosa; León, Xavier; McHanwell, Stephen; Quer, Miquel; Sañudo, José Ramón (May 2009). "Ceratocricoid muscle: an embryological and anatomical study". Clinical Anatomy. 22 (4): 463–470. doi:10.1002/ca.20795. ISSN 1098-2353. PMID 19306315. S2CID 35995462.
- ^ "Ceratocricoid muscle - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS". www.imaios.com. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
- ^ Kim, Jun-Ho; Won, Hyung-Sun; Chung, In-Hyuk; Kim, In-Beom (November 2015). "The enigmatic subcostal muscle: Anatomical study with application to spine and chest pain syndromes and avoidance of confusion on imaging: Morphology and Morphometry of the Subcostal Muscle". Clinical Anatomy. 28 (8): 1017–1021. doi:10.1002/ca.22631. PMID 26384842. S2CID 42512626.
- ^ a b Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 193
- ^ Gosling, J. A., Harris, P. F., Humpherson, J. R., Whitmore I., & Willan P. L. T. 2008. Human Anatomy Color Atlas and Text Book. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. page 200
- ^ Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 217
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gosling 2008, p. 273
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Gosling et al. 2008, p. 266
- ^ FIPAT (2019). "Terminologia Anatomica" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
- ^ de las Peñas, César Fernández; Ge, Hong-You; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Dommerholt, Jan; Simons, David G. (2011). "Chapter 32 - Referred pain from muscle/myofascial trigger points". Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 404–418. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7. ISBN 978-0-7020-3528-9.
- ^ Sarnat, Harvey B.; Carpenter, Stirling (2015). "Chapter 4 - Muscle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Neuromuscular and Metabolic Diseases". Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 46–65. ISBN 978-0-12-417044-5.
- ^ Science Reference Section (19 November 2019). "What is the strongest muscle in the human body?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ Brooks, Susan V. (2003-12-01). "Current topics for teaching skeletal muscle physiology". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1–4): 171–182. doi:10.1152/advan.2003.27.4.171. ISSN 1043-4046. PMID 14627615. S2CID 14267377.
- ^ John., Stewart, Gregory (2009). "Chapter 8: Skeletal muscles". The skeletal and muscular systems. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9781604133653. OCLC 277118444.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Glenmark, Birgitta; Nilsson, Maria; Gao, Hui; Gustafsson, Jan-Åke; Dahlman-Wright, Karin; Westerblad, Håkan (December 2004). "Difference in skeletal muscle function in males vs. females: role of estrogen receptor-β". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 287 (6): E1125–E1131. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00098.2004. ISSN 0193-1849. PMID 15280152. S2CID 7926940.
- ^ "Agonist and antagonist muscle pairs - Muscular system - OCR - GCSE Physical Education Revision - OCR". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ Biga, Lindsay M.; Bronson, Staci; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy; Hopkins, Robin; Kaufmann, Joel; LeMaster, Mike; Matern, Philip; Morrison-Graham, Katie; Oja, Kristen; Quick, Devon; Runyeon, Jon (2019-09-26). "11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists".
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General references
- Gosling, J.A.; Harris, P.F.; Humpherson, J.R.; Whitmore, I.; Willan, P.L.T. (2008). Human Anatomy: Color Atlas and Textbook. phot. by A.L. Bentley (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-7234-3451-1.
External links
- LUMEN's Master Muscle List from www.meddean.luc.edu
- The Hosford Muscle Tables for the Human Body from PT Central
- Lower Extremity Muscle Atlas from rad.washington.edu
- Tutorial and quizzes on skeletal muscular anatomy
- Muscles of human body (also here)
- Anatomy quiz
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