Kulangsu, a Historic International Settlement

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Location	Xiamen, Fujian, China
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Reference	1541
Inscription	2017 (41st Session)
Area	316.2 hectares (3.162 km2)
Buffer zone	886 ha
Coordinates	24°26′51″N 118°03′43″E / 24.44750°N 118.06194°E / 24.44750; 118.06194
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	鼓浪屿
Traditional Chinese	鼓浪嶼
Hokkien POJ	Kó͘-lōng-sū
Postal	Kulangsu
Literal meaning	Drum Wave Islet
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin gǔlàngyǔ Wu Romanization ku2 laon3 yu2 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping gu2 long6 zeoi6 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kó͘-lōng-sū
Location of Gulangyu in Fujian Show map of Fujian Gulangyu (China) Show map of China

Gulangyu Subdistrict 鼓浪屿街道
Subdistrict
Coordinates: 24°26′51″N 118°3′45″E / 24.44750°N 118.06250°E / 24.44750; 118.06250
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Fujian
Prefecture	Xiamen
District	Siming
Population
• Total	15,373
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Area code	0592
Website	www.glyjd.gov.cn

Gulangyu, Gulang or Kulangsu is a pedestrian-only island off the coast of Xiamen, Fujian Province in southeastern China. A UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site, the island is about 2 km² (0.77 sq mi) in area, and is reached by an 8-minute ferry ride from downtown Xiamen. Although only about 20,000 people live on the island, Gulangyu is a major domestic tourist destination, attracting more than 10 million visitors per year, and making it one of China's most visited tourist attractions.^[1] Gulangyu not only bans cars, but also bicycles. The only vehicles permitted are small electric buggies and electric government service vehicles.

Visitors can reach Gulangyu by ferry from the ferry terminal in Xiamen. Local residents are allowed to use a shorter 5-minute ferry to/from the Lun Du Ferry Terminal. During the day (every 20 minutes, from 7:10 AM to 5:30 PM in Winter and Spring / from 7:10 AM to 6:30 PM in Summer and Autumn), tourists and non-locals take a 20-minute ferry ride from the Dongdu International Cruise Terminal to either San Qiu Tian Terminal or Nei Cuo Ao Terminal in Kulangsu Town. A ticket costs 35 CNY. After 6:00 PM, there is a more convenient ferry from Lundu Terminal 2, which drops off at San Qiu Tian Terminal in Kulangsu Town. That service runs all night, and also costs 35 CNY.^[2]

Gulangyu Island is renowned for its beaches, winding lanes and rich architecture. The island is on China's list of National Scenic Spots and is classified as a 5A tourist attraction by the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA). It ranks at the top of the list of the ten most scenic areas in the province.^[3]

Gulangyu covers an area of 1.91 square kilometres (0.74 sq mi), with a household population of 15,373. Administratively, the island constitutes the Gulangyu Subdistrict, part of Xiamen's Siming District.

For a time, Gulangyu was the only international settlement on Chinese soil apart from the International Settlement at Shanghai.

Soon after Xiamen became a treaty port resulting from China's loss in the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, foreign residents on the island established an informal organization that became formally organized several decades later when its Land Regulations were approved by the government of China (Qing dynasty) in May 1902.^[4] Eventually 13 countries, including Great Britain, France, The Netherlands and Japan, were to have extraterritorial privileges there and take part in the Kulangsu Municipal Council that administered the settlement. As with the Shanghai International Settlement, the British played a predominant role in the administration and Sikh policemen from British India were charged with the policing of the Settlement under the Kulangsu Municipal Police. The consulates, churches, hospitals, schools, police stations, etc. built by those foreign communities explain the predominantly Victorian-era style architecture that can still be seen throughout Gulangyu. Japanese occupation of the island began in 1942, and lasted until the end of World War II, when it was returned to China. The Hokkien dialect is spoken on the island, as it is in Xiamen.

After the establishment of the PRC, Gulangyu was a district of Xiamen, one of four in the municipality not located on Xiamen Island until 2003. In May of that year Gulangyu District was absorbed into Siming District, and has since been administered, policed, and adjudicated from Xiamen Island, just across the Lujiang River.

As a place of residence for Westerners during Xiamen's colonial past, Gulangyu is famous for its architecture and for hosting China's only piano museum,^[5] giving it the nickname of "Piano Island" or "The Town of Pianos" (钢琴之乡) or "The Island of Music" (音乐之岛).^[6] There are over 200 pianos on this island.

The Chinese name also has musical roots, as 鼓浪 Kó͘-lōng which means drum waves so-called because of the sound generated by the ocean waves hitting the reefs. 嶼 sū means "islet".

In addition, there is a museum dedicated to Koxinga, Hái-toé Sè-kài (海底世界) Marine World, a subtropical garden containing plants introduced by overseas Chinese, as well as Xiamen Museum, formerly the Eight Trigrams Tower (八卦楼).

The island of Gulangyu is a pedestrian-only destination, where the only vehicles on the islands are several fire trucks and electric tourist buggies. The narrow streets on the island, together with the architecture of various styles around the world, give the island a unique appearance. The site is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.^[7]

Buildings and sights of the former international settlements includes:

• United States Consulate Building by architect Elliott Hazzard^[8]
• Kulangsu Catholic Church (Tian Zhu Tang) c. 1917^[9]
• Former Office of Great Northern Telegraph Company (Denmark) (Dan Mai Da Bei Dian Bao Gong Si) c. 1871
• Kulangsu Organ Museum (Eight Diagrams Mansion / Bagua Mansion) c. 1907 - designed by John Abraham Otte^[10]
• Foreigners' Football Field (Ren Min Ti Yu Chang) c. 1878^[11]
• Former Kulangsu Mixed Court (Hui Shen Gong Tang) c. 1915^[12]
• Union Church (Xie He Li Bai Tang) c. 1911^[13]
• Christian Cemetery (Fan Zai Mu Yuan)^[14]

Gulangyu is unique in China as a "traffic-free island". It is connected to the main island of Xiamen by ferry. Neither cars nor bicycles are allowed, unlike Xiamen Island across the river. Recently, electric tourist buggies were introduced. Freight is pulled on wheeled wooden carts up the often steep lanes by strong teams of men.

The spread of Christianity in 1900s brought western music to the island. Churches and museums were built, and people enjoyed going to music halls to hear performances. Since then, the island's local cultural environment mingled with introduced foreign music and art, which is why the Gulangyu cultural scene differs from other parts of China.^[15]

A number of China's most famous classical musicians come from Gulangyu, including the pianist Yin Chengzong, the violist Jing Yang, and the pianist Xu Feiping. Historically, Shu'an Zhou, Junji Lin, and Zuohuang Chen are other well-known classical musicians from the island. Gulangyu's piano ownership per capita ranks the first in nation, and by 2002, Gulangyu Island was given the name of "The Island of Music" by Chinese Musicians' Association. The piano exhibition halls and museums and overall artistic atmosphere attract many musicians domestically and internationally. The 580-seat Gulangyu Concert Hall is one of Fujian Province's most notable acoustic classical music venues.^[16]

In 2005, Gulangyu Island was named the most beautiful district of China by Chinese National Geography magazine.^[17]

In May 2007, Xiamen Gulangyu Island was officially accredited as the National 5A Tourist Attractions by the National Tourism Administration of China.^[7]

On 8 July 2017, Gulangyu was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• List of car-free places
• List of World Heritage Sites in China
• List of islands of China

• Xiaoyue, Sikong (September–October 2009). "The Architecture of Fujian: A Fusion of East and West". Chinese National Geography. 1 (3): 82–101.

• 
  Gulangyu Island fish and seafood restaurant street vendor
• 
  Beach on Gulangyu
• 
  Former Japanese consulate of Gulangyu
• 
  Panorama by Lai Afong c1870
• 
  Panorama in 2018.6

• Kulangsu government visitor's site
• Webpage about the island, with map
• Shanghai Star article: "Gulangyu Island - Garden on the sea"
• Shenzhen Daily article: "Gulangyu - A Piano Island"
• Article on newcolonist.com: "China's Carfree Town: Gulangyu"
• Xiamen-Kulangsu ferry guide
• Dr Howard M Scott "Kulanghsu"
• Gulangyu Boat Tour
• Robin's World travel guide to Kulangsu
• CNN.com "Kulangsu: Scaling China's Piano Island"