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Katanga Province

Katanga Province
Province du Katanga
Former province
Congo provinces in 1914
Congo provinces in 1914
Coordinates: 09°S 26°E / 9°S 26°E / -9; 26
Country DR Congo
Established1966 (1966)
Dissolved2015 (2015)
CapitalLubumbashi
Largest cityLubumbashi
Area
 • Total
496,871 km2 (191,843 sq mi)
Population
 (2010 est.)
 • Total
5,608,683
 • Density11/km2 (29/sq mi)
DemonymKatangese
Official:French
National:Swahili
Other:English
Malachite specimen, showing the original botryoidal form and a polished face of the opposite half of the specimen. Mines in the vicinity of Kolwezi supply much of the polishing-grade malachite in the world.
Another malachite specimen from Katanga, on display at the Royal Ontario Museum.

Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province.[1]

Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second-largest city in the Congo.[2][3]

History

Main article: History of Katanga

Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE.[4]

In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Msiri, the King of Katanga, (no such title exist, Msiri is a title for local authority in area controlled by Kazembe) held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo.[5][page needed]

After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin.

In 1915, a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After World War I ended a factory was built at Olen; the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium from the pitchblende.[6] By the start of World War II, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project.[7]

Mine de Shinkolobwe. The uranium for the Manhattan Project and the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki came from Shinkolobwe mine.

In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported the secession of Katanga province from the Congo. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This led to the assassination of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963, then was reintegrated.[8]

In 2005, the new constitution specified that Katanga was to be split up into separately administered provinces.[9]

Militias such as Mai Mai Kata Katanga led by Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga fought for Katanga to secede, and his group briefly took over the provincial capital Lubumbashi in 2013.[8]

In 2015, Katanga Province was split into the constitutional provinces of Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga.[10][11]

Economy

Copper mining is an important part of the economy of Katanga province.[12] Cobalt mining by individual contractors is also prevalent. A number of reasons have been advanced for the failure of the vast mineral wealth of the province to increase the overall standard of living. The local provincial budget was US$440 million in 2011.[13][14]

Mining

Main article: Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a hub for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of the world’s copper and half its cobalt, most of which comes from Katanga".[15]

Major mining concessions include Tilwezembe and Kalukundi.

Mining companies

  • Gécamines, (La Générale des Carrières et des Mines, the former UMHK), the state-owned copper-cobalt mining company, had monopoly concessions in the province.
  • Katanga Mining Ltd TSX:KAT operates a major mining complex in Katanga province, producing refined copper and cobalt with the "potential of becoming Africa’s largest copper producer and the world’s largest cobalt producer".[16] Katanga Mining Ltd is majority-owned by Swiss commodity trader Glencore DCC.[17] A joint venture of Katanga Mining (75%) and Gécamines (25%) began mining Tilwezembe, an open-pit copper and cobalt mine, in 2007.[18]

Geography

Hills of Katanga

The province bordered Angola and formed the entire Congolese border with Zambia. It also bordered Tanzania – although on Lake Tanganyika rather than on land. Katanga has a wet and dry season. Rainfall is about 1,200 mm (49 in).[19]

The province was divided in 2015 into five successor provinces, based on the districts of Katanga at that time:

Education and medical care

The University of Lubumbashi, located in the northern part of Lubumbashi city, is the largest university in the province and one of the largest in the country.

TESOL, the English Language School of Lubumbashi, is a secondary school that serves the expatriate community. It was founded in 1987 on the grounds of the French School, Lycée Français Blaise Pascal, which suspended operations in 1991 with a new French School starting in 2009.[20]

Katanga province has the highest rate of infant mortality in the world, with 184 of 1000 babies born expected to die before the age of five.[21]

Provincial assembly building of Katanga in Lubumbashi

Transportation

The Congo Railway provides Katanga Province with limited railway service centered on Lubumbashi. Reliability is limited. Lubumbashi International Airport is located northeast of Lubumbashi. In April 2014, a train derailment killed 63 people.[22]

People

See also

References

  1. ^ "Katanga | province, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  2. ^ George, Mr Francis Stevens (6 February 2014). China and Africa Love Affair. Francis Stevens George. ISBN 9781494998516. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Biggest Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  4. ^ McKenna, Amy, ed. (2011). The History of Central and Eastern Africa. Britannica Guide to Africa. Rosen Education Service. p. 9. ISBN 978-1615303229.
  5. ^ Crawford, Daniel (1912). Thinking Black: 22 Years Without a Break in the Long Grass of Central Africa. New York: George H. Doran.
  6. ^ Uranium's scientific history - Part 2
  7. ^ Williams, Susan (2016). Spies in the Congo. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 76–77, 289. ISBN 9781610396547.
  8. ^ a b Jullien, Maud (12 August 2013). "Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede". BBC Africa. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo: Article 2". Wikisource. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  10. ^ The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 27 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. (in French)
  11. ^ Election of governors: definite results expected on 18 April Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Okapi, 27 March 2016. (in French)
  12. ^ "COPPER". congo-pages.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  13. ^ "Katanga: le budget 2011 s'élève à 396 milliards de Francs congolais". Radio Okapi. 21 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.
  14. ^ The State vs. the People: Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo (PDF) (Report). Amsterdam: Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa. 2006. ISBN 90-78028-04-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  15. ^ Kavanagh, Michael J. (23 March 2013). "Congolese Militia Seizes UN Compound in Katanga's Lubumbashi". Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  16. ^ "History: dead link". Katanga Mining. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  17. ^ Katanga Mining (Report). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  18. ^ "An Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited..." (PDF). SRK Consulting. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  19. ^ "Katanga, or Shaba (province, Democratic Republic of the Congo) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  20. ^ English-speaking School of Lubumbashi (TESOL), page from 2007, Internet Archive, Accessed 3 March 2013.
  21. ^ "DR Congo eyes a greater share of its mineral riches". BBC News Online. 22 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  22. ^ "Scores killed in DR Congo train crash". Al Jazeera. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province