Southeastern Katë dialect
| Southeastern Katë | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Afghanistan |
| Region | Nuristan, Kunar |
Native speakers | 20,000 (2011)[1] |
| Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bsh |
| Glottolog | kati1270 |
Southeastern Katë is a dialect of the Katë language spoken by the Kom and Kata in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. It also includes the so-called Kamviri and Mumviri (spoken in Mangul, Sasku and Gabalgrom in the Bashgal Valley) dialects.
Innovations
According to Halfmann (2024), the primary innovations of the Southeastern dialect include secondary vowel length from monophthongization of vowel + v, a progressive suffix -n-, intervocalic consonant lenition (usually sibilants and velars), post-nasal voicing, and merger of Proto-Nuristani pre-tonic *a and *ā as a.
Phonology
The inventory as described by Richard Strand.[2] In addition, there is stress.
The neutral articulatory posture, as in the reduced vowel /a/, consists of the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and a raised tongue root is linked with a raised larynx, producing a characteristic pitch for unstressed vowels of about an octave above the pitch of a relaxed larynx.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post- Alveolar |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʂ | t͡ʃ | ||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʐ | d͡ʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | ʂ | ʃ | (x) |
| voiced | v | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | ||
| Tap | ɾ | (ɽ) | ||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | ||||
| central | ɻ | j | ||||
- Sounds [f, x, q, ɢ, ħ, ʕ, h, ʔ] are found in loanwords.
- Between vowels, /s, ʂ, ʃ/ voice to [z, ʐ, ʒ].
- /v/ can also be heard as bilabial [β] or a labial approximant [w].
- For most speakers, and especially in Kombřom, /ʈ/ becomes a retroflex flap [ɽ].
- /k/ becomes a velar tap [ɡ̆].
One suffix /ti/ voices to [di] for most speakers.
[ʈɭ, ɖɭ] are phonetic affricates.
Nasals voice a following obstruent.
Laminal consonants change a following /a/ from [ɨ] to [i].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i y | (ɨ ⟨a⟩) | u |
| Mid | e | ə ⟨a⟩ | o |
| Low | a ⟨â⟩ | (ɔ) |
⟨a⟩ is [ː] after another vowel, [i] after a laminal consonant and after /ik, ek, iɡ, eɡ/. For some speakers, it is [u] after /uk, yk, uɡ, yɡ/. Otherwise it is [ə] or [ɨ].
Vocabulary
Pronouns
| Person | Direct | Genitive | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | sg. | õ, õċ | yĩ | yī̃ |
| pl. | yimó | yimṓ | ||
| 2nd | sg. | tü | tu | tū |
| pl. | šo | šō | ||
Numbers
- e, ev, ē
- dü
- tre
- što
- puč
- ṣu
- sut
- vuṣṭ
- nu
- duċ
- yaníċ
- diċ
- triċ
- štreċ
- pačíċ
- ṣeċ
- satíċ
- aṣṭíċ
- neċ
- viċí
Further reading
- Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Universität zu Köln.
References
- ^ Southeastern Katë at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ The Sound System of kâmvʹiri
Bibliography
- Strand, Richard F. (20 April 2019). "The Kom". Richard Strand's Nuristan Site. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- The Mumo. Retrieved July 10, 2006, from Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush [1].
- Strand, Richard F. (1973). "Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 297–305. doi:10.2307/599462. JSTOR 599462.
- Strand, Richard F. (2023). "Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins". International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction. 19: 267–353. doi:10.29091/9783752002348. ISBN 978-3-7520-0234-8.
External links
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (1999). "Kâmv'iri Lexicon". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The Sound System of Kâmv'iri". Retrieved 16 January 2012.