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Indonesia–Turkey relations

Indonesia-Turkey relations refers to diplomatic relations between Turkey and Indonesia. They have strong ties.

Indonesian–Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Indonesia and Turkey

Indonesia
Turkey
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Indonesia, AnkaraEmbassy of Turkey, Jakarta

Indonesia and Turkey established diplomatic relations in 1950. Diplomatic relations are particularly important because both are Muslim-majority countries as well as modern democracies. Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara[1] and consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta,[2] and honorary consulate in Medan since May 1996. Both countries are full members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, MIKTA and the G-20 major economies.

History

Imperial Period

Turkish and Acehnese guns, captured after the Dutch occupation of Aceh
Ottoman fleet in the Indian Ocean 16th century

Relations with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey's predecessor state) began with the 16th century Ottoman expedition to Aceh, in with the response to the Aceh Sultanate's request for assistance against the Portuguese in Malacca.[3] In the 16th and 17th centuries, beside Aceh Sultanate, the Ottomans also established diplomatic and military ties with the Demak and Mataram[4]

Ottoman's relations with the kingdoms in Indonesia archipelago formally began when the then Sultan of Aceh Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahhar (1539–1571) sent an envoy to sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1564. Sultan Alauddin wanted to develop this relationship, both for efforts expulsion of colonial powers such as the Portuguese in Malacca, as well as to expand their power in Sumatra.[5][6]

After the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566, his son Selim II ordered ships to be sent to Aceh. A number of soldiers, gunsmiths and engineers were sent on the Ottoman fleet's expedition to Aceh, along with ample supplies of weapons and ammunition. The first fleet was sent, consisting of 15 ships equipped with artillery. However, the fleet must be diverted to fight the rebellion in Yemen. So only two ships finally arrived in Aceh in 1566–1567, but many other fleets and shipments followed. The first expedition was led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis. The Acehnese paid for the shipment in gold, pearls, diamonds and rubies.[7][8][9]

When the Ottomans fought against Russia in 1853, the Sultan of Aceh Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah sent 10,000 Spanish dollars in war aid to the Sultan of Ottoman at that time Abdul Mejid I.[10]

When the Aceh sultanate was attacked by the Dutch in 1873, which sparked the Aceh War, the Aceh sultanate requested protection from a previous agreement with the Ottoman Empire. Once again Aceh asked for military assistance from the Ottoman Empire, but the Ottoman fleet assigned to assist was diverted to Yemen because there was a Zaydi rebellion there.[11]

In 1883, the Ottomans opened a consulate in Batavia, marking the first formal relations on the island of Java.[12]

Modern Era

Turkiye recognized Indonesia on 29 December 1949. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950. Turkish Embassy in Jakarta was opened on 10 April 1957.[13]

This relationship continued on 24 April 1959, where President Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia had the opportunity to visit Ankara and visit Istanbul for the first time. At that time, President Sukarno was welcomed by Turkish President Celal Bayar.[14]

After decades of ambiguous relations between Indonesia and Türkiye. In August 1996, Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan visited Indonesia and was welcomed by President Soeharto. Marking a new era of relations between Indonesia and Türkiye. During this visit, Erbakan also visited the Indonesian Aerospace technology facilities in Bandung, and was welcomed by Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie who is the Indonesian Minister of Technology and Research at that time. Previously, Habibie had been Erbakan's old friend when they both studied mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen.[15][16]

Erbakan was amazed at the progress of Indonesia's aerospace industry at that time as a fellow modern Muslim-majority country.[17] This condition was in line with Erbakan's thoughts in Millî Görüş, which sought to improve industrial and technological relations with fellow Muslim-majority countries. Furthermore, Erbakan tried to invite the Indonesian government to establish economic alliances with fellow Muslim-majority countries, this led to the founding of D-8 in 1997 which contained eight Muslim-majority developing countries.[18]

In April 2011, Turkish Prime Minister Abdullah Gül paid a state visit to Indonesia. The welcoming ceremony for PM Abdullah Gül was carried out with a state ceremony held at the Merdeka Palace, April 5, 2011. During the visit, bilateral talks between the two countries were held. Bilateral talks between President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and PM Abdullah Gül focused on follow-up as an effort to increase bilateral cooperation in various sectors. Two countries signed a strategic partnership, with Turkish PM Abdullah Gül declaring that "a new era is beginning with Indonesia."[19][13][20]

In 2017, President Joko Widodo paid a state visit to Ankara, Turkey. Indonesia and Turkey signed two agreements during President Joko Widodo's two-day visit to Turkey. The signing ceremony of the healthcare agreement and launching of economic negotiations to establish the Indonesia-Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IT-CEPA) witnessed by Jokowi and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. President Jokowi's visit in 2017 was also to discuss the cooperation between Indonesia and Turkey in the field of strategic industrial development by carrying out joint development, both for the land and air dimensions, as well as other things. Other discussions also covered the issue of counter-terrorism which was the focus of the two countries.[21][22]

Erdogan and Jokowi hold hands on the sidelines of the OIC summit
Erdoğan and Jokowi at the Extraordinary Summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in November 2023.

Entering the 2020s decade, relations between Türkiye and Indonesia are increasingly strengthening. Especially because of President Erdoğan's foreign policy towards Indonesia. The strengthening of this relationship is marked by several economic agreements such as the IT-CEPA economic agreement which has begun to be implemented. As well as increasing military and technology trade agreements between the Turkish and Indonesian governments. [23]

High-level Visits

Guest Host Place of visit Date of visit
Turkey Deputy Prime Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu Indonesia President Sukarno Bandung March–April, 1955[24]
Indonesia President Sukarno Turkey President Celal Bayar Ankara and Istanbul April 24–29, 1959[25]
Turkey President Kenan Evren Indonesia President Soeharto Jakarta September 1982[26]
Indonesia President Soeharto Turkey President Kenan Evren Çankaya Köşkü, Ankara September 14, 1985[27]
Turkey Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan Indonesia President Soeharto Jakarta and Bandung August, 1996[28]
Turkey Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Jakarta and Aceh February 6–7, 2005[29]
Turkey Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Bali May 13–14, 2006[29]
Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Turkey President Abdullah Gül Ankara June 28, 2010[30]
Turkey President Abdullah Gül Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Merdeka Palace, Jakarta April 5, 2011[31]
Turkey Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Bali November 6–9, 2012[29]
Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Joko Widodo Merdeka Palace, Jakarta July 30 - August 1, 2015[32]
Indonesia President Joko Widodo Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Antalya November 15–16, 2015[33]
Indonesia President Joko Widodo Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Presidential Complex, Ankara July 6, 2017[34]
Indonesia Vice President Jusuf Kalla Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Istanbul October 19–20, 2017[35]
Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Joko Widodo G20 Summit, Bali November 14–16, 2022[36]
Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Indonesia President Prabowo Subianto Bogor Palace, West Java February 11–12, 2025[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Embassy of Indonesia in Turkey
  2. ^ Embassy of Turkey in Indonesia
  3. ^ Reid, Anthony (February 2005), The Ottomans in Southeast Asia (PDF), ARI Working Papers, vol. 36, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13
  4. ^ Meirison, Meirison; Trinova, Zulvia; Eri Firdaus, Yelmi (2020-12-20). "The Ottoman Empire Relations with the Nusantara (Spice Islands)". Tabuah. 24 (2): 140–147. doi:10.37108/tabuah.v24i2.313. ISSN 2614-7793.
  5. ^ Gallop, A. T. (2004), Ottoman Influences In The Seal Of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah of Aceh (1589-1604). Indonesian and the Malay World, 1-2
  6. ^ Ningsih, Widya Lestari (6 April 2021). "Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah al-Kahar, Sultan Aceh yang Dekat dengan Ottoman". Kompas. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  7. ^ Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.
  8. ^ Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation. Mizan Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-433-430-0.
  9. ^ Bernstein, William J. (2009-05-14). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-1-55584-843-9.
  10. ^ "Aceh, Turki, dan Rusia - Historia". historia.id (in Indonesian). 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  11. ^ Aydin, Cemil (2007). The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13778-2.
  12. ^ "Sejarawan Turki: Belum adanya dokumen sejarah bukan berarti relasi Utsmani-Jawa tidak ada". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  13. ^ a b "Relations between Türkiye and Indonesia / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  14. ^ "Kunjungan Bung Karno ke Turki 1959". Good News From Indonesia. 16 July 2016.
  15. ^ "Masa Depan Hubungan Indonesia-Türkiye: Romantisme Periodesasi Erbakan & Habibie". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-12-07.
  16. ^ Temiz, Süleyman (2021-04-27). "Necmettin Erbakan'ın Güneydoğu Asya Seyahati ve Etkileri". Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 20 (2): 763–776. doi:10.21547/jss.861634. ISSN 1303-0094.
  17. ^ ERGİN, Sedat (1998-05-21). "Erbakan'ın Endonezya'sı çökerken". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-12-07.
  18. ^ "Brief History of D-8". Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  19. ^ "Hari ini, Istana Terima Presiden Turki - Nasional Tempo.co". nasional.tempo.co. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  20. ^ "Turkey and Indonesia: Historical Roots, Contemporary Business Links". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  21. ^ "President Jokowi to Pay State Visits to Turkey and Germany". Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  22. ^ "Two agreements to be signed during Jokowi's visit to Turkey - The Jakarta Post". www.thejakartapost.com. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  23. ^ "'Indonesia committed to enhance bilateral ties with Türkiye'". Daily Sabah. 2024-07-31. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
  24. ^ "Türkiye'nin 'Batı'nın Sözcüsü' Konumu Değişti mi?." www.cumhuriyet.com.tr. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  25. ^ Hananto, Akhyari. "Kunjungan Bung Karno ke Turki 1959". www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  26. ^ "Kenan Evren Kimdir? - Kenan Evren Hayatı ve Biyografisi". Haberler (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  27. ^ "Presiden Soeharto dan Presiden Turki Melakukan Pembicaraan di Istana Keperesidenan Turki". Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  28. ^ "Erbakan'ın Endonezya'sı çökerken | Köşe Yazıları". www.hurriyet.com.tr. 21 May 1998. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  29. ^ a b c "Başbakan Erdoğan, 84 ülkeyi ziyaret etti". Ahaber (in Turkish). 15 May 2011. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  30. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber. "Presiden SBY ke Turki untuk Kali Pertama". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  31. ^ "Hari ini, Istana Terima Presiden Turki - Nasional Tempo.co". nasional.tempo.co. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  32. ^ AA (31 July 2015). "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan Endonezya'da konuştu". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  33. ^ "Jokowi Hadiri KTT G20 di Turki Bersama 19 Pemimpin Dunia". www.voaindonesia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  34. ^ "Two agreements to be signed during Jokowi's visit to Turkey - The Jakarta Post". www.thejakartapost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  35. ^ Pool. "Foto: Keakraban Wapres JK dengan Erdogan di Turki". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  36. ^ "Türkiye's President Erdogan arrives in Indonesia's Bali for G20 Summit | TRT World". www.trtworld.com. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  37. ^ "Presiden Turkiye Erdogan Tiba di Istana Bogor, Disambut Anak Sekolah hingga Pasukan Berkuda". KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations
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