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Huntsman spider

Huntsman spiders
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Palystes castaneus, showing sparassid pattern of eyes in two rows of four, with the robust build and non-clavate pedipalps of a female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Sparassidae
Bertkau, 1872[1]
Diversity[2]
88 genera, 1363 species

Huntsman spiders, members of the family Sparassidae (formerly Heteropodidae), catch their prey by hunting rather than in webs.[3] They are also called giant crab spiders because of their size and appearance. Larger species sometimes are referred to as wood spiders, because of their preference for woody places (forests, mine shafts, woodpiles, wooden shacks). In southern Africa the genus Palystes are known as rain spiders or lizard-eating spiders.[4] Commonly, they are confused with baboon spiders from the Mygalomorphae infraorder, which are not closely related.

More than a thousand Sparassidae species occur in most warm temperate to tropical regions of the world, including much of Australia, Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Americas.[5]

Several species of huntsman spider can use an unusual form of locomotion. The wheel spider (Carparachne aureoflava) from the Namib uses a cartwheeling motion which gives it its name, while Cebrennus rechenbergi uses a handspring motion.

Description

Sparassids are eight-eyed spiders. The eyes appear in two largely forward-facing rows of four on the anterior aspect of the prosoma. Many species grow very large – in Laos, male giant huntsman spiders (Heteropoda maxima) attain a legspan of 25–30 centimetres (9.8–11.8 in). People unfamiliar with spider taxonomy commonly confuse large species with tarantulas, but huntsman spiders can generally be identified by their legs, which, rather than being jointed vertically relative to the body, are twisted in such a way that in some attitudes the legs extend forward in a crab-like fashion.[6] It is also commonly confused for a brown recluse spider, due to their shared coloring. However, brown recluse venom is significantly dangerous to humans, while that of the huntsman spider is less so.[7]

On their upper surfaces the main colours of huntsman spiders are inconspicuous shades of brown or grey, but many species have undersides more or less aposematically marked in black-and-white.[8] Their legs bear fairly prominent spines, but the rest of their bodies are smoothly furry. They tend to live under rocks, bark and similar shelters, but human encounters are common in sheds, garages and other infrequently-disturbed places. The banded huntsman (Holconia) is large, grey to brown with striped bands on its legs. The badge huntsman (Neosparassus) is larger still, brown and hairy. The tropical or brown huntsman (Heteropoda) is also large and hairy, with mottled brown, white and black markings. The eyesight of these spiders is not as good as that of the Salticidae (jumping spiders). Nevertheless, their vision is quite sufficient to detect approaching humans or other large animals from some distance.

Identification

They can be distinguished from other spider families by their appearance, as other spiders similar to them are smaller in size. They are often confused for tarantulas due to their hairy nature, but can easily be distinguished by their laterigrade legs, similar to those of crabs. Members of this family are also typically less bulky than tarantulas. They possess two claws, as is the case for most spiders that actively hunt their prey.[9] If this is not enough to fully identify them, they also possess eight eyes divided into two regular rows.[10]

Size, venom, and aggression

On average, a huntsman spider's leg-span can reach up to 15 cm (5.9 in), while their bodies measure about 1.8 cm (0.7 in) long.[11] Like most spiders,[12] Sparassidae use venom to immobilize prey.

There have been reports of members of various genera such as Palystes,[13] Neosparassus and several others inflicting severe bites on humans. The effects vary, including local swelling and pain, nausea, headache, vomiting, irregular pulse rate, and heart palpitations, indicating some systemic neurotoxin effects, especially when the bites were severe or repeated. However, the formal study of spider bites is fraught with complications, including unpredictable infections, dry bites, shock, nocebo effects, and even bite misdiagnosis by medical professionals and specimen misidentification by the general public.[14]

It is not always clear what provokes Sparassidae to attack and bite humans and animals, but it is known that female members of this family will aggressively defend their egg-sacs and young against perceived threats.[5] Bites from sparassids usually do not require hospital treatment.[citation needed]

Sound production in mating rituals

Males of the huntsman spider Heteropoda venatoria have recently been found to deliberately make a substrate-borne sound when they detect a chemical (pheromone) left by a nearby female of their species. The males anchor themselves firmly to the surface onto which they have crawled and then use their legs to transmit vibrations from their bodies to the surface. Most of the sound emitted is produced by strong vibrations of the abdomen. The characteristic frequency of vibration and the pattern of bursts of sound identify them to females of their species, who will approach if they are interested in mating. This sound can often be heard as a rhythmic ticking, somewhat like a quartz clock, which fades in and out and can be heard by human ears in a relatively quiet environment.[15]

Genera

Main article: List of Sparassidae species
Isopeda villosa (lower) extricating itself from its old exoskeleton (upper).

As of December 2022, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:[16]

  • Adcatomus Karsch, 1880 — Venezuela, Peru
  • Anaptomecus Simon, 1903 — Central America, South America
  • Anchonastus Simon, 1898 — Cameroon, Congo
  • Arandisa Lawrence, 1938 — Namibia
  • Barylestis Simon, 1910 — Africa, Asia, Europe
  • Beregama Hirst, 1990 — Australia, Papua New Guinea
  • Berlandia Lessert, 1921 — East Africa
  • Bhutaniella Jäger, 2000 — Asia
  • Borniella Grall & Jäger, 2022 — Borneo
  • Caayguara Rheims, 2010 — Brazil
  • Carparachne Lawrence, 1962 — Namibia
  • Cebrennus Simon, 1880 — Africa, Asia, Malta
  • Cerbalus Simon, 1897 — Israel, Jordan, Egypt
  • Chrosioderma Simon, 1897 — Madagascar
  • Clastes Walckenaer, 1837 — Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
  • Curicaberis Rheims, 2015 — North America, Central America, Brazil
  • Damastes Simon, 1880 — Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles
  • Decaphora Franganillo, 1931 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, Colombia
  • Deelemanikara Jäger, 2021 — Madagascar
  • Defectrix Petrunkevitch, 1925 — Panama
  • Delena Walckenaer, 1837 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Dermochrosia Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Brazil
  • Diminutella Rheims & Alayón, 2018 — Cuba
  • Eusparassus Simon, 1903 — Asia, Africa, Europe, Peru
  • Exopalystes Hogg, 1914 — Papua New Guinea
  • Extraordinarius Rheims, 2019 — Brazil
  • Geminia Thorell, 1897 — Myanmar
  • Gnathopalystes Rainbow, 1899 — Asia, Oceania
  • Guadana Rheims, 2010 — Brazil, Peru, Ecuador
  • Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 — Oceania, Asia, South America, Greece
  • Holconia Thorell, 1877 — Australia
  • Irileka Hirst, 1998 — Australia
  • Isopeda L. Koch, 1875 — Australia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea
  • Isopedella Hirst, 1990 — Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
  • Keilira Hirst, 1989 — Australia
  • Leucorchestris Lawrence, 1962 — Angola, Namibia
  • Macrinus Simon, 1887 — South America, Tobago, United States
  • Martensopoda Jäger, 2006 — India
  • May Jäger & Krehenwinkel, 2015 — Namibia, South Africa
  • Megaloremmius Simon, 1903 — Madagascar
  • Menarik Grall & Jäger, 2022 — Borneo
  • Meri Rheims & Jäger, 2022 — South America
  • Micrommata Latreille, 1804 — Spain, Africa, Asia
  • Micropoda Grall & Jäger, 2022 — Papua New Guinea
  • Microrchestris Lawrence, 1962 — Namibia
  • Neosparassus Hogg, 1903 — Australia
  • Neostasina Rheims & Alayón, 2016 — Caribbean
  • Nolavia Kammerer, 2006 — Brazil
  • Nungara Pinto & Rheims, 2016 — Brazil, Ecuador
  • Olios Walckenaer, 1837 — Asia, South America, Oceania, Africa, Central America, North America, Caribbean
  • Orchestrella Lawrence, 1965 — Namibia
  • Origes Simon, 1897 — Argentina, Peru, Ecuador
  • Paenula Simon, 1897 — Ecuador
  • Palystella Lawrence, 1928 — Namibia
  • Palystes L. Koch, 1875 — Africa, India, Australia
  • Panaretella Lawrence, 1937 — South Africa
  • Pandercetes L. Koch, 1875 — Asia, Oceania
  • Parapalystes Croeser, 1996 — South Africa
  • Pediana Simon, 1880 — Indonesia, Australia
  • Platnickopoda Jäger, 2020 — East Africa
  • Pleorotus Simon, 1898 — Seychelles
  • Polybetes Simon, 1897 — South America
  • Prusias O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 — Brazil, Mexico, Panama
  • Prychia L. Koch, 1875 — Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Philippines
  • Pseudomicrommata Järvi, 1914 — Africa
  • Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 — Asia
  • Quemedice Mello-Leitão, 1942 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Remmius Simon, 1897 — Africa
  • Rhacocnemis Simon, 1897 — Seychelles
  • Rhitymna Simon, 1897 — Asia, Africa
  • Sadala Simon, 1880 — South America
  • Sagellula Strand, 1942 — Japan, China
  • Sarotesius Pocock, 1898 — East Africa
  • Sinopoda Jäger, 1999 — Asia
  • Sivalicus Dyal, 1957 — India
  • Sparianthina Banks, 1929 — South America, Tobago, Central America
  • Sparianthis Simon, 1880 — Colombia
  • Spariolenus Simon, 1880 — Asia
  • Staianus Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
  • Stasina Simon, 1877 — South America, Gabon, Asia, Cuba
  • Stasinoides Berland, 1922 — Ethiopia
  • Stipax Simon, 1898 — Seychelles
  • Strandiellum Kolosváry, 1934 — Papua New Guinea
  • Thelcticopis Karsch, 1884 — Asia, Oceania, Africa
  • Thomasettia Hirst, 1911 — Seychelles
  • Thunberga Jäger, 2020 — Madagascar
  • Tibellomma Simon, 1903 — Venezuela
  • Tiomaniella Grall & Jäger, 2022 — Malaysia
  • Tychicus Simon, 1880 — Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
  • Typostola Simon, 1897 — Australia, Papua New Guinea
  • Uaiuara Rheims, 2013 — Panama, South America
  • Vindullus Simon, 1880 — South America, Guatemala
  • Yiinthi Davies, 1994 — Australia, Papua New Guinea
  • Zachria L. Koch, 1875 — Australia

Distribution and habitat

Members of the Sparassidae are native to tropical and warm temperate regions worldwide. A few species are native to colder climates, like the green huntsman spider (Micrommata virescens) which is native to Northern and Central Europe.[17] Some tropical species like Heteropoda venatoria (Cane huntsman) and Delena cancerides (Social huntsman) have been accidentally introduced to many subtropical parts of the world, including New Zealand (which has no native sparassid species).[18]

As adults, huntsman spiders do not build webs, but hunt and forage for food: their diet consists primarily of insects and other invertebrates, and occasionally small skinks and geckos. They live in the crevices of tree bark, but will frequently wander into homes and vehicles. They are able to travel extremely quickly, often using a springing jump while running, and walk on walls and even on ceilings. They also tend to exhibit a "cling" reflex if picked up, making them difficult to shake off and much more likely to bite. The females are fierce defenders of their egg sacs and young. They will generally make a threat display if provoked, and if the warning is ignored they may attack and bite. The egg sacs differ fairly widely among the various genera. For example, in Heteropoda spp. egg sacs are carried underneath the female's body, while in other species like Palystes and Pseudomicrommata spp., females generally attach egg sacs to vegetation.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Family: Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  2. ^ "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  3. ^ Saaristo, Michael I. (2010). "Araneae". In Gerlach, Justin & Marusik, Yuri M. (eds.). Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles islands. Siri Scientific Press.
  4. ^ Norman Larsen. "Palystes (rain spiders, lizard-eating spiders)". Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Biodiversity Explorer. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  5. ^ a b Geoffrey K. Isbister & David Hirst (2003). "A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae (huntsmen spiders) with identification to species level". Toxicon. 42 (2): 163–171. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00129-6. PMID 12906887.
  6. ^ "Huntsman Spiders". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  7. ^ "details". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  8. ^ "Huntsman spider - Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus)".
  9. ^ "Family Sparassidae - Giant Crab Spiders". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  10. ^ Bradley, Richard A. (18 December 2012). "FAMILY SPARASSIDAE • Huntsman Spiders, Giant Crab Spiders". Common Spiders of North America. p. 212. doi:10.1525/california/9780520274884.003.0057. ISBN 9780520274884.
  11. ^ "Huntsman Spider Devours Possum in Viral (and Terrifying) Photos". livescience.com. 19 June 2019.
  12. ^ Foelix, Rainer; Erb, Bruno (2010). "Mesothelae have venom glands". Journal of Arachnology. 38 (3): 596–598. doi:10.1636/B10-30.1. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 85870366.
  13. ^ D'Ewes, Dudley (1967). "Chapter 12". Wayward naturalist. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. OCLC 457367.[page needed]
  14. ^ "Spider bites: Identification and treatment". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  15. ^ Rovner, Jerome S. (1980). "Vibration in Heteropoda venatoria (Sparassidae): A Third Method of Sound Production in Spiders". The Journal of Arachnology. 8 (2): 193–200. JSTOR 3705191.
  16. ^ "Family: Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  17. ^ Lissner, Jørgen. "Family: Sparassidae (Giant Crab Spiders)". The Spiders of Europe and Greenland. Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2018-01-16..
  18. ^ David Hirst, Julianne M. Waldock, Shaun J. Bennett, & Grace Hall (2006). "The Huntsmen Spiders (Sparassidae) of New Zealand" (PDF). Australasian Arachnology (75): 11–12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Filmer, Martin (1997). Southern African Spiders. City: BHB International / Struik. ISBN 1-86825-188-8.

Bibliography

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsman_spider