Hamburger is a German surname, meaning "someone from Hamburg". Notable people with the surname include:

• Adolphe Hamburger (1898–1945), Dutch actor
• Bo Hamburger (born 1970), Danish cyclist
• Cao Hamburger, Brazilian screenwriter and director
• Christian Hamburger (1904-1992), Danish endocrinologist
• E. W. Hamburger (1933–2018), Brazilian-German physicist, and father of Cao Hamburger
• Hans Hamburger (1889–1956), German mathematician
• Hartog Jacob Hamburger (1859–1924), Dutch physiologist
• Jacob Hamburger (1826–1911), German rabbi and author
• Jeffrey F. Hamburger, art historian
• Jean Hamburger, French physician
• Jenő Hamburger, Hungarian communist politician
• Käte Hamburger, German writer and philosopher
• Michael Hamburger, British writer and poet
• Michel Berger (born Michel Jean Hamburger, 1947-1992), French singer, son of Jean Hamburger
• Neil Hamburger, comedian
• Philip Hamburger, American law professor
• Raphael Hamburger, French producer and soundtrack music supervisor
• Samuel B. Hamburger (1852–1926), American lawyer
• Viktor Hamburger, German professor and embryologist