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Hadera

Hadera
  • חֲדֵרָה‎
City (from 1952)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Ḥdera
Official logo of Hadera
Hadera is located in Haifa region of Israel
Hadera
Hadera
Hadera is located in Israel
Hadera
Hadera
Coordinates: 32°27′N 34°55′E / 32.450°N 34.917°E / 32.450; 34.917
Country Israel
District Haifa
Founded1891; 133 years ago (1891)
Government
 • MayorNir Ben Haim [he]
Area
 • Total
53,000 dunams (53 km2 or 20 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
103,041
 • Density1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
Ethnicity
[1]
 • Jews and others99%
 • Arabs1%
Websitehttps://www.hadera.muni.il/

Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה [χadeˈʁa][2]) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km (5 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city's population includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In 2022 it had a population of 103,041.[1]

Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams.[3]

History

Ottoman era

Jewish school in Hadera, 1931
Hadera, 1940

Hadera was founded on 24 January 1891, in the early days of modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley.[3] The land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling papyrus reeds.[4] The village was named after Wadi al-Khudeira[5] (Arabic: وادي الخضيرة, lit. 'the valley of verdure'),[6] as the nearby section of Hadera Stream was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar (Arabic: نهر الأخضر, lit. 'green river').[7][8]

The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el-Khudeira. From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement.[9] About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere, that is, Hatzor".[10] The name Liktera was in preferential use by the British military during World War I.[11][12]

In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic-speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian-Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al-Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for the payment of land registration fees". Selim al-Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al-Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al-Khoury sold al-Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945).[13]

Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea (Hebrew: גדרה של קיסרין), as mentioned in Tosefta Shevi'it, ch. 7.[14] Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador, formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria, at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq[15] and currently as Tel Gador, on the coast south of Giv'at Olga.[16] Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al-Judeira.

The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue.[citation needed] The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain the swamps. They "died in scores".[17][18] Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria.[19] Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin.

By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become the regional economic center.[3] In 1913, the settlement included forty households, as well as fields and vineyards, stretching over 30,000 dunams.[14]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a total population of 540; 89 Muslims, 1 Christian and 450 Jews.[20] Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931.[citation needed] Free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school.[21]

Members of Yiftach Brigade 1st Battalion, "D" company stationed at Givat Olga. 1948
  • Hadera 1932 1:20,000
    Hadera 1932 1:20,000
  • Hadera 1945 1:250,000
    Hadera 1945 1:250,000

State of Israel

After the 1948 War, the north-western part of Hadera (including "Newe Chayyim") expanded on the land which had belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Arab al-Fuqara.[22]

Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too.[19] In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Financed by investors from Israel, United States, Brazil and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs.[23] New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city.[3]

In the 1990s, large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants settled in Hadera.[3] Hadera, considered a safe place by its inhabitants, was jolted by several acts of terrorism during the second intifada. On October 28, 2001, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop.[24] A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002.[25] A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians[26][27] and injuring 55, five in severe condition.[28] During the second Lebanon War, on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles (80 km) south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah.[29]

In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high-tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built.[3][30] New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with a total of 1,800 rooms.

Beach in Hadera, 2017

The city is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee, beaches, and access to major highways.[31]

Geography and wildlife

Hadera municipality building

Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain, 45 km (28 mi) north of Tel Aviv.[32] The city's jurisdiction covers 53,000 dunams (53.0 km2; 20.5 sq mi), making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park, a eucalyptus forest covering 1,300 dunams (1.3 km2; 0.5 sq mi) and Hasharon Park are located on the outskirts of Hadera.[3]

Hot water gushing from the Hadera power plant draws schools of hundreds of sandbar and dusky shark every winter. Scientists are researching the rare phenomenon, which is unknown in the vicinity. It is speculated that the water, which is ten degrees warmer than the rest of the sea, could be the attraction.[33]

Transportation

Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and the nowadays freight-only Eastern Line. The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon. The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2, linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4.[3] This made Hadera an important junction for all coastal bus transportation after 1948 and into the 1950s.

Economy

Orot Rabin power plant

Hadera Paper, established in 1953, continues to be a major employer in the city. The world's largest desalination plant of its type,[34] was inaugurated in December 2009.[3] Hadera is the location of the Orot Rabin Power Plant, Israel's largest power station.[35]

Demographics

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%.[36] As of 2003, the city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km2.[37] Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia.[37]

According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a population of 540 inhabitants, consisting of 450 Jews, 89 Muslims and 1 Christian.[38] Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955, the population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700.[37]

The median age in Hadera is 32.8, with 23,200 people 19 years of age or younger, 12.1% between 20 and 29, 14,100 between 30 and 44, 17,600 from 45 to 64, and 9,700, 65 or older.[39] As of 2007, there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females.[39]

In 2003, the ethnic makeup was 93.2% Jewish, 0.8% Arab and 6.0% other.[40] In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab.[40]

Education

Technoda science and technology center
Hillel Yaffe Medical Center

In 2001, 15,622 students were studying at 42 schools (24 elementary schools with 7,933 students, and 21 high schools with 7,689 students). A total of 57.5% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate.

The Democratic School of Hadera, which opened in 1987, was the first of its kind in Israel. The Technoda, an educational center for science and technology equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and planetarium, is located in Hadera's Givat Olga neighborhood.[41]

Medical facilities

Hadera is served by the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center.

Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga,[42] Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis, Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park.

  • Beit Eliezer [he] - named after Eliezer Kaplan, this neighborhood is in the eastern part of the city. The neighborhood was established in the 1950s. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms, and the residents were mainly immigrants from Romania, Morocco and Yemen.
  • Neve Haim [he] - named after Haim Arlosoroff, this neighborhood is in the north of the city, and was founded in 1935 as a cooperative association. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms. The center of the neighborhood is the water tower, which is still standing today.
  • Giv'at Olga - named after Olga Hankin, the wife of the Zionist activist Yehoshua Hankin. It was founded in 1949 around the house Hankin built known as Olga Hankin's House.
  • Nahaliel [he] - a neighborhood on the northeastern side of the city center. Founded as a separate settlement by immigrants from Yemen and Aden back in 1912, and later annexed to the city.
  • Ein Hayam - a new neighborhood that was established in the early 2000s in the southwest of the city, south of Givat Olga and north of the Gador nature reserve. [43]
  • Givat Bilu - a neighborhood of mainly immigrants from Yemen, who arrived after the establishment of the state in the "Operation Magic Carpet".
  • Heftsiba - a small northern neighborhood, established in 1946. It was originally planned by the Palestine Land Development Company in 1939.[44] The neighborhood is inhabited mainly by immigrants from Yemen. Near it the Heftsiba Farm [HE] is located.
  • HaOtsar - its land was bought in the beginning of the 20th century by The Jewish Colonial Trust [he] and the name of the neighborhood is derived from the Hebrew name of this trust. In the center of the neighborhood is the "Park Yehoshua" park, named Yehoshua Hankin, who bought the lands for the Trust.
  • Kfar Brandeis – was founded as a rural village in 1927, and was named after Louis Brandeis. it was integrated into Hadera in 1951. The village retained its independence regarding water issues for many years but now is an integral part of the city.
Neve Haim 1941

Sports

Hadera is home to three current football clubs: Hapoel Hadera, which currently plays in Israeli Premier League after being promoted at the end of 2017/18 season. Beitar Hadera (playing in Liga Gimel Shomron) and the women's football club Maccabi Kishronot Hadera (playing in Ligat Nashim Rishona). In the past, the city was also home to Maccabi Hadera, Hapoel Nahliel and Hapoel Beit Eliezer.

The city is also represented in the Israeli Beach Soccer League. Its team, Hapoel Hadera, won the championship (under its previous name, Hadera's Princes) in 2008.[45]

In Basketball, Maccabi Hadera's women's basketball team plays in second-tier Liga Leumit, while the club's Maccabi Hadera men's basketball team plays in third tier Liga Artzit.

Notable people

Major terrorist attacks

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Hadera is twinned with:[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ "دائرة الأجراء - الخضيرة" [Execution Chamber, Hadera] (in Arabic). Law Enforcement and Collection System Authority.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "New Urbanism, Israeli Style". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  4. ^ Avneri, Aryeh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-87855-964-0. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  5. ^ Yehoshua Levinzon (1959). HaSharon (PDF). Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot. חדרה נקראה על שם הנחל הסמוך, אשר קטע ממנו נקרא בערבית ואדי חודֵירה - הנחל הירקרק.
  6. ^ The Survey of Western Palestine: A General Index. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1838. p. 155.
  7. ^ Trelawney Saunders (1881). An Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine: its Waterways, Plains, & Highlands. London: Richard Bentley and Son. pp. 24, 32–33.
  8. ^ Marom, Roy (2021-06-09). "The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: an oral history of a Palestinian village depopulated in the Late Ottoman period". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 50: 87–106. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1934817. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 236222143.
  9. ^ Irit Zaharoni (1990). Israel, Roots & Routes: A Nation Living in Its Landscape. Ministry of Defense (Israel). p. 288.
  10. ^ Ya'akov Goldman (1891) [Tammuz 5651 (July-Aug)]. "שאר ישוב". In Ze'ev Yavetz (ed.). מירושלם [Mirushalayim]. Vol. 1. Warsaw: Schuldberg Brothers. p. 13). לנחלת חדֶרי (היא חצור) כבר נעשתה "מֻצְדַקְיָה"
  11. ^ Through Palestine with the 20th Machine Gun Squadron. London. 1920. p. 113. the Brigade, winding its way through the groves, came out into the pretty little Village of Liktera (a Jewish settlement called by them Hudeira){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ John D. Grainger (2013). The Battle for Syria, 1918-1920. Boydell Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-84383-803-6. At Liktera (also called Hadera) on the Nahr el-Mafjir, another five miles on, the division halted
  13. ^ Marom, Roy (2023-03-09). "Hadera: transnational migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the glocal origins of the Zionist-Arab conflict". Middle Eastern Studies. 60 (2): 250–270. doi:10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499. ISSN 0026-3206. S2CID 257443159.
  14. ^ a b Yitzhak Goldhar (1913). "4. הימים שמקיפין את ארץ ישראל.". אדמת קדש [Admat Kodesh]. Frankfurt am Main: Jiddisch Literarische Gesellschaft. pp. 83–84. כמעט באמצע המרחק שבין עין טב ולבין קיסרין במרחק 2½ קילומיטר למערבה של החורבה הנקראת תל דרור היא עיר דאר שבחלק מנשה (ב) נוסדה (בשנת התרנ"א) מושבה של יהודים שקראו לה חֶידֶירֶה ואולם גדרה שמה לראשונה כי המושבה הזאת נבנתה במקום אשר לפנים היתה עיר גדרה של קיסרין הנזכרת בתוספתא שביעית פ"ז: ושאר כל ארצות אוכלין עד שיכלו מבית אל ומגדרה של קיסרין. [...] בגדרה של קיסרין יושבים כעת ארבעים בעלי בתים ולהם שדות וכרמים ובתים טובים. כל שטח אדמתם עולה בערך שלשים אלף דולאם.
  15. ^ "Israel Antiquities Authority". survey.antiquities.org.il.
  16. ^ B. Maisler (1934). "Der Distrikt Śrq in den Samarischen Ostraka". The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society: 96–100. Für (A)gdōr = Gedera kommt m.E. kein anderer Punkt so sehr in Betracht, als Tell Ahḍar an der Meeresküste, kaum 7 km. südlich von Caesarea. Tell Ahḍar ist eine ausgedehnte Ruinenstätte, die zahlreiche antike Säulen und sonstige Reste aus römischer Zeit aufweist.
  17. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1998). Israel, a History. Morrow. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-688-12362-8.
  18. ^ Barbour, Nevill Nisi Dominus - A Survey of the Palestine Controversy. First published 1946. The Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1969. Reprint series No. 3. p.115
  19. ^ a b Winter, Dave (1999). Israel Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 532. ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  20. ^ Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. p. 33.
  21. ^ Sternhell, Zeev (1999). The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State. Princeton University Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-691-00967-4. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  22. ^ Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
  23. ^ "First Paper Mill Opened in Israel; Plant at Hadera is Expected to Help Nation Cut Currency Gap $1,000,000 a Year". New York Times. 1953-12-18. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  24. ^ Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
  25. ^ "Bat mitzvah massacre in Israel leaves seven dead". The Independent. 2002-01-18. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  26. ^ "Larissa Grishchenko". GxMSDev.
  27. ^ Ben-Zur, Raanan (17 September 2009). "Woman injured in Hadera terror attack dies 4 years later". ynet.
  28. ^ "Suicide bomber rocks Hadera market". Haaretz.com. 27 October 2005.
  29. ^ "For first time: Hizbullah targets Hadera area". Ynet News. 2006-08-04. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  30. ^ Rabinovitch, Ari (16 May 2010). "Israel opens largest desalination plant of its kind". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  31. ^ "No Longer a Backwater, Hadera Plans Big Push - Inside Israel". Israel National News. 14 February 2013.
  32. ^ "Telfed takes on next target: Hadera". Haaretz.com. 1 May 2009.
  33. ^ "Sharks drawn to warm waters by Israeli coastal power plant". The Washington Times.
  34. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (2008-04-02). "Where will the water go? - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  35. ^ Paz, Shelly (2007-03-01). "Greenpeace protests at Hadera power plant | Israel | Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  36. ^ "Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  37. ^ a b c "Population and Density per Km² in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents" (PDF). 55th Statistical Yearbook. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  38. ^ "Palestine Census ( 1922)" – via Internet Archive.
  39. ^ a b "Statistical Abstract of Israel 2008". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  40. ^ a b Central Bureau of Statistics, [1]
  41. ^ "NJ Jewish News on-line - Reach for the stars". njjewishnews.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  42. ^ "Women on the Map - Olga Hankin". women.org.il. Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  43. ^ ששון-עזר, שירלי (2010-12-14). "בדרך למעלה - מערב חדרה: השכונות עין ים וחופים". כלכליסט - www.calcalist.co.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  44. ^ "חפצי-בה;ע"י חדרה /;חברת הכשרת הישוב בא"י - המחלקה הטכנית | מפה" (in Hebrew).
  45. ^ Hadera's Princes are the Champions of Bank Yahav Beach Soccer League for the Year 2008 netanya.muni.il (in Hebrew)
  46. ^ "Hadera - Identity Card". forum15.org.il. Forum 15. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  47. ^ "New Sister City Relationship". embassies.gov.il. Consulate General of Israel in Houston. 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  48. ^ "Cidade vai ter geminação com Ribeira Grande de Santiago (Cabo Verde)". mediotejo.net (in Portuguese). Mediotejo. 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadera