Gonyaulax
| Gonyaulax | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Superclass: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Order: | Gonyaulacales |
| Family: | Gonyaulacaceae |
| Genus: | Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866 |
| Species | |
| |
Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides. It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains of Gonyaulax spinifera from New Zealand are yessotoxin producers.[4]
Structure
The plate formula in the genus Gonyaulax Diesing was redefined as Po, 3', 2a, 6", 6c, 4-8s, 5'", 1p, 1"".[5]
Classification
All species are marine, except for one freshwater species, Gonyaulax apiculata.[5]
It previously included several species, which are now considered to belong to a separate genus, e.g.:[5]
- Gonyaulax tamarensis (now: Alexandrium tamarense)
- Gonyaulax grindleyi (now: Protoceratium reticulatum)
- Gonyaulax polyedra (now: Lingulodinium polyedra)
Adaptations
Gonyaulax dinoflagellates can produce resting cysts that belong to the cyst-defined genus Spiniferites and other genera [6]
Effect on humans
Although some Gonyaulax species can produce yessotoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish, no harmful effects to humans have been clearly demonstrated; however abalone mortalities have been related to blooms of Gonyaulax membranaceae.[7]
Red tide
A Red tide is a discoloration of the sea water by pigmented cells like Gonyaulax spp., some of which may produce toxins. Gonyaulax spinifera has been connected to the production of yessotoxins (YTXs), a group of structurally related polyether toxins, which can accumulate in shellfish.[8]
References
- ^ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma
- ^ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis
- ^ Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K (2015). "Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization". J. Phycol. 51 (3): 560–73. Bibcode:2015JPcgy..51..560M. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304. PMID 26986670. S2CID 24811284.
- ^ Rhodes, L.A.; McNabb, P.; de Salas, M.; Briggs, L.; Beuzenberg, V.; Gladstone, M. (2006). "Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera". Harmful Algae. 5 (2): 148–55. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2005.06.008.
- ^ a b c Dodge, J.D. (1989). "Some revisions of the family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) based on scanning electron microscope study". Botanica Marina. 32 (4): 275–298. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.4.275. S2CID 85674405.
- ^ Rochon, André; Lewis, Jane; Ellegaard, Marianne; Harding, Ian C. (2009-05-01). "The Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae) "complex": Perpetuating the paradox?". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 155 (1): 52–60. Bibcode:2009RPaPa.155...52R. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.017. ISSN 0034-6667.
- ^ Pitcher, Grant C.; Foord, Charles J.; Macey, Brett M.; Mansfield, Lisa; Mouton, Anna; Smith, Marie E.; Osmond, Steven J.; van der Molen, Lynndal (2019-01-01). "Devastating farmed abalone mortalities attributed to yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates". Harmful Algae. 81: 30–41. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.006. ISSN 1568-9883. PMID 30638496. S2CID 58643225.
- ^ "Yessotoxin". toxins.hais.ioc-unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-04-08.