Confessions

"The Stealing of The Apple" Aldus edition, 1903
Author	Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Original title	Les Confessions
Language	French
Genre	Autobiography
Publisher	Launette Aux Deux-Ponts: Chez Sanson Et Compagnie
Publication date	1782–1789
Publication place	Switzerland
Published in English	1790
Media type	Print: hardback duodecimo
OCLC	14003975
Dewey Decimal	848.509
LC Class	PQ2036 .A5
Original text	Les Confessions at French Wikisource
Translation	Confessions at Wikisource

The Confessions is an autobiographical book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In the modern era, it is often published with the title The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in order to distinguish it from Saint Augustine's Confessions. Covering the first fifty-three years of Rousseau's life, up to 1765, it was completed in 1769, but not published until 1782, four years after Rousseau's death, even though Rousseau did read excerpts of his manuscript publicly at various salons and other meeting places.

The Confessions was two distinct works, each part consisting of six books. Books I to VI were written between 1765 and 1767 and published in 1782, while books VII to XII were written in 1769–1770 and published in 1789.^{[citation needed]} Rousseau alludes to a planned third part, but it was never completed. Though the book contains factual inaccuracies – in particular, Rousseau's dates are frequently off, some events are out of order, and others are misrepresented, incomplete, or incorrect^[1] – Rousseau provides an account of the experiences that shaped his personality and ideas. For instance, some parts of his own education are clearly present in his account of ideal education, Emile, or On Education.

Rousseau's work is notable as one of the first major autobiographies. Prior to the Confessions, the two great autobiographies were Augustine's own Confessions and Saint Teresa's Life of Herself. However, both of these works focused on the religious experiences of their authors; the Confessions was one of the first autobiographies in which an individual wrote of his own life mainly in terms of his worldly experiences and personal feelings. Rousseau recognized the unique nature of his work; it opens with the famous words: "I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself." His example was soon followed: not long after publication, many other writers (such as Goethe, Wordsworth, Stendhal, De Quincey, Casanova and Alfieri) wrote their own autobiographies in a similar fashion.

The Confessions is also noted for its detailed account of Rousseau's more humiliating and shameful moments. For instance, Rousseau recounts an incident when, while a servant, he covered up his theft of a ribbon by framing a young girl – who was working in the house – for the crime. In addition, Rousseau explains the manner in which he disposes of the five children he had with Thérèse Levasseur, all of which were abandoned at the foundling hospital.^[2]

According to historian Paul Johnson, Rousseau's autobiography contains many inaccuracies.^[3] Will and Ariel Durant have written that the debate regarding the truthfulness of the book hinges on Rousseau's allegation that Grimm and Diderot had connived to give a mendacious description of his relationship with Mme. d'Épinay, Mme. d'Houdetot, and themselves. As stated by Durant, most scholarly opinion prior to 1900 was against Rousseau, but subsequently several scholars including Frederika Macdonald, Pierre-Maurice Masson, Mathew Johnson, Émile Faguet, Jules Lemaître and C. E. Vaughn have reached judgments in favor of Rousseau's veracity.^[4]

• Let them eat cake, a saying deriving from this book
• The New Confessions, a novel by William Boyd (1987)

• Damrosch, Leo (2007). Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0618872022.
• Johnson, Paul (2009). Intellectuals. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-187147-4.

• Hartle, Ann (1999). "Augustine and Rousseau". In Gareth B. Matthews (ed.). The Augustinian Tradition. University of California Press. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-520-21001-1.
• de Man, Paul (1979). "Excuses". Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust. Yale University Press. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-300-02845-4.
• Riley, Patrick (2004). Character and Conversion in Autobiography: Augustine, Montaigne, Descartes, Rousseau, and Sartre. University of Virginia Press. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-0-8139-2292-8.
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1987). Rousseau: Confessions. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-521-31500-5.

• The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau at Project Gutenberg – English translation. Note that this is an expurgated translation; certain incidents in the original, chiefly erotic, are not present.
• Confessions public domain audiobook at LibriVox (1903 censored version)
• (in French) Confessions, audio version
• (in French) French text
• (in French) Second volume of French text
• "Confessions, Les" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
• James J. Delaney. "Jean-Jacques Rousseau". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.