Christianity in Saudi Arabia
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Accurate religious demographics are difficult to obtain in Saudi Arabia, but there were approximately 2.1 million Christians in Saudi Arabia in 2020.[1][2]
Early history
Christians had formed churches in Arabia prior to the time of Muhammad in the 7th century. Ancient Arab traders had traveled to Jerusalem for trade purposes and heard the gospel from Saint Peter (Acts 2:11) and Paul the Apostle spent several years in Arabia (Galatians 1:17), later further strengthened by the ministry of Saint Thomas who went to Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia and later to the Indian subcontinent.
One of the earliest church buildings ever, known as Jubail Church, is located in Saudi Arabia; it was built around the 4th century.
Some parts of modern Saudi Arabia (such as Najran) were predominantly Christian until the 7th to 10th century, when most Christians were expelled or converted to Islam or left the region via the Sea route to Asia, with which merchant trade already existed, others migrated north to Jordan and Syria and settled into those new places. Some Arab Christians who remained lived as crypto-Christians, or secret Christians. Some Arabian tribes, such as Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim, followed Christianity.
Ancient Arabian Christianity has largely vanished from the region, due to prosecution, conversion and migration.
Persecution
Pre-Islamic
Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish king of Himyar, after seizing the throne of the Ḥimyarites around 518 or 522, attacked Christian Najran and its inhabitants, captured them and, burned their churches. The destruction fell out on Tuesday, during the 15th day of the lunar month Tishri, in the year 835 of the Seleucid era counting (corresponding with year 524 CE).[3][4] After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacred its inhabitants who would not renounce Christianity. Earlier, the Himyarite monarch had attacked and killed the Abyssinian Christians who had settled in Zafar.[citation needed]
Modern
On June 15, 1858, 21 Christian residents of Jeddah, then an Ottoman town of 5,000 predominantly Muslim inhabitants, were massacred, including the French and British consuls, by "some hundreds of Hadramites, inhabitants of Southern Arabia". Twenty-four others, mostly Greeks and Levantines, some "under British protection" plus the daughter of the French consul and the French interpreter, both badly wounded, escaped and took refuge, some by swimming to it, aboard the ship HMS Cyclops.[5][6][7][8]
International Christian Concern (ICC) protested what it reported as the 2001 detention of 11 Christians in Saudi Arabia, for practicing their religion in their homes.[9] In June 2004, at least 46 Christians were arrested in what the ICC described as a "pogrom-like" action by Saudi police. The arrests took place shortly after the media reported that a Quran had been desecrated in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[10]
Community today
There are more than 500,000 Catholics in Saudi Arabia. Most of them are expatriate Filipinos who work there, but are not Saudi Arabian citizens.[11][12] As of 2008, about 90% of the roughly 1.2 million Filipinos are Christians.[13] In the same year there were also Christians from Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Spain, Australia, Italy, Greece, South Korea, Ireland, the United Kingdom, India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and as well a number of Christians from sub-Saharan countries who are working in the Saudi Kingdom.[13]
Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as foreign workers for work or tourism, but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. Saudi Arabia states that they are permitted to privately practice their religion, but this is not codified and raids on private practice by the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice do occur, though these have decreased since their powers were curtailed in 2016.[14] Bringing a Bible and other types of religious texts into the country is allowed as long as it is for personal use.[15]
Although textbooks in Saudi Arabia have moderated their extremist content since 2001, they still contain some content classified as "egregious" such as characterizing Christians and other non-Muslims as liars and are considered to promote religious hatred and intolerance towards non-Muslims,[2] while the NGO Human Rights Watch has also reported rising hate speech against Christians by Saudi leaders.[16]
The Saudi Arabian Mutaween (Arabic: مطوعين), or Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (i.e., the religious police) prohibits the public practice of any religion other than Islam.[17] Conversion of a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy,[17] a crime punishable by death if the accused does not recant. There have been no confirmed reports of executions for either crime in modern times.[17] The government permits non-Muslim clergy to enter the country for the purpose of conducting religious services.[17] In spite of this, a 2015 study estimates that there are some 60,000 Christians with a Muslim background living in the country, though that does not mean that all of those are citizens of the country.[18]
There are also Christian communities on expatriate compounds, including Catholic services in the Aramco compound in Dhahran.
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Currently there are no official churches in Saudi Arabia.[17] According to the Society of Architectural Heritage Protection Jeddah and the Municipality of Jeddah, a long-abandoned house in Al-Baghdadiyya district has never been an Anglican church, contrary to the "'myth' that had spread on the Internet". However, in 1930 there was a non-Muslim cemetery in Jeddah.[19]
Discovered in 1986, the church ruins at Jubail originally belonged to the Church of the East, a branch of Eastern Christianity in the Middle East. The government has placed a fence around the church to prevent potential tourists from entering. However, the fences have not stopped locals from coming in to vandalise and damage the building.[20][21][22][23][24]
In 2018, Saudi Arabia had its first public Divine Liturgy celebrated by clergy of the Coptic church.[25][26] In 2022, the taboo around Christmas trees lightened, allowing for open sales and decorations.[27]
Demographics
According to Pew Research Center, the percentage of Christians in Saudi Arabia in 2018 constituted 4.4% of the country's population.[28] However, the percentage of Saudi Arabian citizens who are Christians is zero de jure,[29] as Saudi Arabia forbids religious conversion from Islam and punishes it by death.[13][30]
In 2022, the number of Christians living in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 2.1 million; however, it was unknown how many are Protestants, Catholics or Orthodox[17] Other estimates put this at over 2 million.[31]
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the Open Doors World Watch List ranked Saudi Arabia as the 13th most difficult country to be a Christian or any type of non-Muslim.[32]
See also
- Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Saudi Arabia
- Protestantism in Saudi Arabia
- Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia
- Human rights in Saudi Arabia
- Non–Muslim Cemetery
References
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ a b "Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians". Christian Persecution Review. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Jacques Ryckmans, La Persécution des Chrétiens Himyarites, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956
- ^ Shahîd, Irfan; Simeon, Arethas (1971). The Martyrs of Najrân: New Documents. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes. p. 54. OCLC 516915.
- ^ The Church of England quarterly review, 1858 p.218-219
- ^ John McDowell Leavitt, Nathaniel Smith Richardson, Henry Mason Baum G.B. Bassett, The Church Review, Volume 11, 1859 p.527
- ^ The Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review, and Church Register, Volume 5, H. Dyer, 1858 p.560-561
- ^ "Details of the Jeddah Massacre", Taranaki Herald, Volume VII, Issue 331, 4 December 1858, Supplement
- ^ Human Rights Watch World Report, 2003. Human Rights Watch. 2003. ISBN 9781564322852. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ^ Saudi Arabia : friend or foe in the war on terror?: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary. DIANE. November 8, 2005. ISBN 9781422323731. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". 2009-10-31. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ Giuseppe Caffulli (September 7, 2004). "A catacomb Church? Perhaps, but one that is alive and well . . . and universal". AsiaNews.it. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ a b c International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Saudi Arabia
- ^ United States Report on International Religious Freedoms (PDF). Washington. April 2018. pp. 82–89.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Local laws and customs - Saudi Arabia travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ ""They Are Not Our Brothers"". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f US State Dept 2022 report
- ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 17. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ Fouzia Khan, "Misconception about old Jeddah edifice cleared", Arab News, 14 October 2012
- ^ J.A. Langfeldt, "Recently Discovered Early Christian Monuments in Northeastern Arabia", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 5 (1994), 32–60 [1].
- ^ Changing Identities in the Arabian Gulf: Archaeology, Religion, and Ethnicity in Context T. Insoll - The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities, 2005 - Springer "He mentions how access to the monuments was restricted, and how the church in Jubail supposedly had its impressed crosses obliterated. Besides vandalism, the presence of these Christian remains caused a debate over what exactly they signified."
- ^ The Nestorians in the Gulf: Just Passing Through? Recent Discoveries on the Island of Sir Bani Yas, Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE J Elders – Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates, 2003 "There are sites along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, at Jubail (Langfeldt 1994), and inland at Thaj and also Jebel Berri (Potts 1994). There is at least one. possibly two. church sites on Qatar."
- ^ A Pre-Islamic Christian site on Sir Bani Yas G R D King, P Heliyer – Tribulus, 1994 ".. Bani Yas discovery can also be related to the discovery of a church with a fine cross at Failaka, in Kuwait, in 1990 by Vincent Bernard and JF Salles. Their stucco crosses are dated to the Fifth-Sixth Centuries AD. The discovery of two churches and crosses at Al Jubail and Thaj ..."
- ^ Crossing the Line L Castoro – 2002 – The lost churches of the Arabian Gulf: recent discoveries on the islands of Sir Bani Yas and Marawah, Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab Emirates J Elders - Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 2001 "There are two known sites along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, at Jubail (Langfeldt 1994) and slightly inland at Jebel Berri (Potts 1994). There are unconfirmed but persistent reports of at least one, more probably two church sites on Qatar."
- ^ "First Christian mass held in Saudi Arabia | Amr Emam".
- ^ Coptstoday.com, December 1, 2018.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (2022-12-24). "'You see trees on sale': the easing of Saudi Arabia's Christmas taboo". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ "Religious Composition By Country" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 23 March 2018.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (April 28, 2010). "Saudi Arabia". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Cookson, Catharine (2003). Encyclopedia of religious freedom. Taylor & Francis. p. 207. ISBN 0-415-94181-4.
- ^ Christianity Today website, Retrieved 2023-06-27
- ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08
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