Charley Patton
Publicity photo for Paramount Records, the only confirmed extant photograph of Patton, c. 1929
Background information
Also known as	The Masked Marvel Elder J. J. Hadley
Born	c. April 1891 Hinds County, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	28 April 1934(1934-04-28) (aged 43) Heathman Plantation, Sunflower County, Mississippi, U.S.
Genres	Delta blues country blues gospel blues
Occupations	Musician songwriter
Instruments	Guitar vocals slide guitar
Years active	1916–1934
Labels	Paramount Vocalion

Charlie Patton (April 1891 (probable) – April 28, 1934), more often spelled Charley Patton, was an American Delta blues musician and songwriter. Considered by many to be the "Father of the Delta Blues", he created an enduring body of American music and inspired most Delta blues musicians. The musicologist Robert Palmer considered him one of the most important American musicians of the twentieth century.

Patton (who was well educated by the standards of his time) spelled his name Charlie,^[1] but many sources, including record labels and his gravestone, use the spelling Charley.^[2]

Patton was born in Hinds County, Mississippi, near the town of Edwards, and lived most of his life in Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta. Most sources say he was born in April 1891, but the years 1881, 1885 and 1887 have also been suggested.^[3] Patton's parentage and race also are uncertain. His parents were Bill and Annie Patton, but locally he was regarded as having been fathered by former slave Henderson Chatmon, several of whose children became popular Delta musicians, as solo performers and as members of groups such as the Mississippi Sheiks.^[4] Biographer John Fahey described Patton as having "light skin and Caucasian features."^[5]

Patton was considered African-American, but because of his light complexion there has been much speculation about his ancestry over the years. One theory endorsed by blues musician Howlin' Wolf was that Patton was Mexican or Cherokee. It is generally agreed that Patton was of Black, White, and Native heritage.^[6] Some believe he had a Cherokee grandmother;^[7] however, it is also widely asserted by historians that he was between one-quarter and one-half Choctaw.^[8]

In 1897, his family moved 100 miles (160 km) north to the 10,000-acre (40 km²) Dockery Plantation, a cotton farm and sawmill near Ruleville, Mississippi.^[9] There, Patton developed his musical style, influenced by Henry Sloan, who had a new, unusual style of playing music, which is now considered an early form of the blues.^[10] Patton performed at Dockery and nearby plantations and began an association with Willie Brown.^[11] Tommy Johnson, Fiddlin' Joe Martin, Robert Johnson, and Chester Burnett (who went on to gain fame in Chicago as Howlin' Wolf) also lived and performed in the area, and Patton served as a mentor to these younger performers.^[12] Robert Palmer described Patton as a "jack-of all-trades bluesman", who played "deep blues, white hillbilly songs, nineteenth-century ballads, and other varieties of black and white country dance music with equal facility".^[13] He was popular across the southern United States and performed annually in Chicago; in 1934, he performed in New York City. Unlike most blues musicians of his time, who were often itinerant performers, Patton played scheduled engagements at plantations and taverns. He gained popularity for his showmanship, sometimes playing with the guitar down on his knees, behind his head, or behind his back. Patton was a small man, about 5 feet 5 inches tall (1.65m),^[14] but his gravelly voice was reputed to have been loud enough to carry 500 yards without amplification; a singing style which particularly influenced Howlin' Wolf (even though Jimmie Rodgers, the "singing brakeman", has to be cited there primarily).^[15]

Patton settled in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, with his common-law wife and recording partner, Bertha Lee, in 1933. His relationship with Bertha Lee was a turbulent one. In early 1934, both of them were incarcerated in a Belzoni, Mississippi, jailhouse after a particularly harsh fight.^[16] W. R. Calaway from Vocalion Records bailed the pair out of jail, and escorted them to New York City, for what would be Patton's final recording sessions (on January 30 and February 1).^[17] They later returned to Holly Ridge and Lee saw Patton out in his final days.^[17]

He died on the Heathman-Dedham plantation, near Indianola, on April 28, 1934, and is buried in Holly Ridge (both towns are located in Sunflower County). His death certificate states that he died of a mitral valve disorder.^[18] The death certificate does not mention Bertha Lee; the only informant listed is one Willie Calvin.^[19] Patton's death was not reported in the newspapers.^[20]

A memorial headstone was erected on Patton's grave (the location of which was identified by the cemetery caretaker, C. Howard, who claimed to have been present at the burial), paid for by musician John Fogerty through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund in July 1990. The spelling of Patton's name was dictated by Jim O'Neal, who also composed the epitaph.^{[citation needed]}

Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton, a boxed set collecting Patton's recorded works, was released in 2001. It also features recordings by many of his friends and associates. The set won three Grammy Awards in 2003, for Best Historical Album, Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package, and Best Album Notes.^[21] Another collection of Patton recordings, The Definitive Charley Patton, was released by Catfish Records in 2001.^[22]

Patton's song "Pony Blues" (1929) was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006.^[23] The board annually selects recordings that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

In 2017, Patton's story was told in the award-winning documentary series American Epic.^[24] The film featured unseen film footage of Patton's contemporaries^[25][26] and radically improved restorations of his 1920s and 1930s recordings.^[27][28] Director Bernard MacMahon observed that "we had a strong feeling that the music of Patton and his peers reflected the local geography, and I was struck by the extent to which that belief was already shared by people who were living in the Delta back then, when it was a center of musical innovation. Listening to interviews with H. C. Speir, who owned a furniture store in Jackson in the 1920s and was responsible for virtually all the recordings of early Delta blues, he clearly linked the music to its surroundings."^[29] Patton's story was profiled in the accompanying book, American Epic: The First Time America Heard Itself.^[30]

In May, 2021, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame posthumously inducted Patton into the 2021 class as an Early Influence.^[31]

The Mississippi Blues Trail placed its first historical marker at the cemetery where Patton's grave is in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, in recognition of his legendary status as a bluesman and his importance in the development of the blues in Mississippi.^[32] It placed another historic marker at the site where the Peavine Railroad intersects Highway 446 in Boyle, Mississippi, designating it as a second site related to Patton on the Mississippi Blues Trail. The marker commemorates the lyrics of Patton's "Peavine Blues", which refer to the branch of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad which ran south from Dockery Plantation to Boyle. The marker notes that riding on the railroad was a common theme of blues songs and was seen as a metaphor for travel and escape.^[33]

≠ Vocals and guitar by Patton, with Henry "Son" Sims on fiddle.

^† Willie Brown on accompanying guitar

1929; Henry "Son" Sims (vocals), Patton accompanying guitar

‡ Vocal duet with Bertha Lee

1934; Bertha Lee (vocals), Patton accompanying guitar

• Calt, Stephen; Wardlow, Gayle Dean (1988). King of the Delta Blues, The Life and Music of Charlie Patton. Newton, New Jersey: Rock Chapel Press. ISBN 0-9618610-0-2. LCCN 87072899.
• Fahey, John (1966). A Textual and Musicological Analysis of the Repertoire of Charley Patton. M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. LCCN 67003863.
• Fahey, John (1970). Charley Patton. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 0-289-70030-2. LCCN 70548903.
• Palmer, Robert (1981). Deep Blues. New York City: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14006-223-8.
• Wald, Elijah; McGourty, Allison; MacMahon, Bernard (2017). American Epic: The First Time America Heard Itself. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 978-1501135606.
• Wardlow, Gayle Dean (1998). Komara, Edward (ed.). Chasin' That Devil Music: Searching for the Blues. San Francisco, California: Miller Freeman Books. ISBN 0-87930-552-5.

• Sacré, Robert, ed. Charley Patton: Voice of the Mississippi Delta. 2018. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi

• History of Charley Patton recording on Paramount Records
• Charley Patton by R. Crumb
• Charley Patton Biography (Allmusic)
• Charley Patton discography at Discogs
• Charley Patton at IMDb
• The bluesman – Charley Patton (by Cub Koda)
• Charley Patton – Delta Blues
• Charley Patton Profile
• Works by or about Charley Patton at the Internet Archive
• 1980 Induction into Blues Foundation Hall of Fame
• Milestone Charley Patton recordings at Three Perfect Minutes