Eisspeedway

Censorship by TikTok

This article is about censorship by TikTok itself. For censorship of TikTok by governments and organizations, see Censorship of TikTok.

There are reports of TikTok censoring political content related to China and other countries as well as content from minority creators. TikTok says that its initial content moderation policies, many of which are no longer applicable, were aimed at reducing divisiveness and were not politically motivated.

Politics

See also: Internet censorship in China and Chinese censorship abroad

TikTok's content moderation policies have been criticized as non-transparent. Internal guidelines against the promotion of violence, separatism, and "demonization of countries" could be used to prohibit content related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Falun Gong, Tibet, Taiwan, Chechnya, Northern Ireland, the Cambodian genocide, the 1998 Indonesian riots, Kurdish nationalism, ethnic conflicts between blacks and whites or between different Islamic sects. A more specific list banned criticism of world leaders, including past and present ones from Russia, the United States, Japan, North and South Korea, India, Indonesia, and Turkey.[1][2]

In September 2019, The Washington Post reported allegations from former U.S. employees that TikTok censored content sensitive for Beijing as well as political discussions unrelated to China. Topics such as Donald Trump and the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests were noticeably rarer on TikTok compared to other platforms. TikTok said it would replace its Beijing-based moderation with regional teams operating under greater autonomy in terms of content moderation.[3][4] On 27 November 2019, TikTok temporarily suspended the account of Feroza Aziz after she posted a video (disguised as a makeup tutorial) which drew attention to the Xinjiang internment camps.[5][6] TikTok later apologized and claimed that her account, which they soon reinstated, was flagged because of her joke about Osama bin Laden in another post.[7] In July 2020, TikTok took down a video about the Xinjiang internment camps after it gained millions of views. It is available again with over six million views as of June 2024. The video's creator has also reported other instances where she was banned or restricted, including from livestreaming, after speaking on government or politics.[8][9]

TikTok's policies ban content related to a specific list of foreign leaders such as Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and Mahatma Gandhi because it can stir controversy and attacks on political views.[10] Its policies also ban content critical of Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and content considered to be supporting Kurdish nationalism.[11] TikTok was reported to have censored users who were supportive of the Citizenship Amendment Act protests in India and those who promote peace between Hindus and Muslims.[12]

In March 2020, internal documents leaked to The Intercept revealed that moderators had been instructed to censor political speech in livestreams, banning those who harmed "national honor" or who broadcast streams about "state organs such as police".[13][14][15] In response to censorship concerns, TikTok's parent company hired K&L Gates, including former U.S. Congressmen Bart Gordon and Jeff Denham, to advise it on its content moderation policies.[16][17][18]

In June 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that some previously non-political TikTok users were airing pro-Beijing views for the explicit purpose of boosting subscribers and avoiding shadow bans.[19] Later that month, The Times of India reported that TikTok was shadow banning videos related to the Sino-Indian border dispute and the China–India skirmishes.[20] In July, the company announced that it was pulling out of Hong Kong in response to the Hong Kong national security law.[21]

ByteDance and TikTok said their early guidelines were global and aimed at reducing online harassment and divisiveness when the platforms were still growing. They have been replaced by versions customized by local teams for users in different regions. The company invited UK lawmakers to examine its algorithm.[22][23][24]

In January 2021, TikTok banned Trump-related content deemed to be inciting violence.[25] On 3 February, it received praise from Russian officials due to its co-operation with them in the removal of "forbidden" content, mostly related to protests in Russia.[26][27] A March 2021 study by the Citizen Lab found that TikTok did not censor searches politically but was inconclusive about whether posts are censored.[28][29]

In February 2022, German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that automatic subtitles in videos containing terms such as "reeducation camp," "internment camp," or "labor camp" were replaced with asterisks.[30] TikTok is said to operate a suspicious filtering system in Germany that bans words related to Nazism such as "Auschwitz".[31]

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TikTok banned new Russian posts and livestreams.[32][33][34] Tracking Exposed, a user data rights group, learned of what was likely a technical glitch that became exploited by pro-Russia posters. It stated that although this and other loopholes were patched by TikTok before the end of March, the initial failure to correctly implement the restrictions, in addition to the effects from Kremlin's "fake news" laws, contributed to the formation of a "splInternet ... dominated by pro-war content" in Russia.[35][36]

A 2023 paper by the Internet Governance Project at Georgia Institute of Technology concluded that TikTok is "not exporting censorship, either directly by blocking material, or indirectly via its recommendation algorithm."[37]

In March 2023, basketball player Enes Kanter Freedom was banned from TikTok after repeated warnings but subsequently restored when TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew testified before the U.S. Congress. TikTok said it stands by previous strikes against Freedom but a moderation error had pushed his account over the line leading to a ban. After regaining his account, Freedom said he would continue criticizing the Chinese government on the platform. At the time, TikTok in the United States featured many videos that would have been censored within China, including hashtags such as #Uyghur treatment (278 million views), #TiananmenSquare (18 million views) and #FreeTibet (13 million views).[38] In May, the Acton Institute was suspended after it promoted videos about the imprisonment of Jimmy Lai and the Chinese government's crackdown on the pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong.[39] The suspension raised "deep concern" by lawmakers on the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.[40]

During the Israel–Hamas war, TikTok was accused of refusing to run ads by family members of Israelis taken hostage by Hamas.[41] TikTok was also accused by Malaysia's minister of communications, Fahmi Fadzil of suppressing pro-Palestinian content. The company stated it banned praising Hamas and removed more than 775,000 videos and 14,000 livestreams.[42][43]

A December 2023 study by Rutgers University researchers working under the name Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) found a "strong possibility that content on TikTok is either amplified or suppressed based on its alignment with the interests of the Chinese government."[44] Commenting on the study, The New York Times stated, "[a]lready, there is evidence that China uses TikTok as a propaganda tool. Posts related to subjects that the Chinese government wants to suppress — like Hong Kong protests and Tibet — are strangely missing from the platform."[45] The researchers subsequently found that TikTok removed the ability to analyze hashtags of sensitive topics.[46] TikTok said it restricted the number of hashtags that can be searched under its Creative Center because it was "misused to draw inaccurate conclusions".[47][48]

A historian from the Cato Institute stated that there were "basic errors" in the Rutgers University study and criticized the uncritical news coverage that followed. The study compares data from before TikTok even existed to show the app has fewer hashtags about historically sensitive topics, distorting the findings.[49][47]

In August 2024, Bloomberg reported that the Rutgers University NCRI released a new report based on user journey data.[50] By searching for four keywords—Uyghur, Xinjiang, Tibet, and Tiananmen—on TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram, the researchers found that TikTok’s algorithm displayed a higher percentage of positive, neutral, or irrelevant content related to China’s human rights abuses compared to both Instagram and YouTube.[50] The researchers also found that users spending three hours or more daily on the app were significantly more positive about China’s human rights records than non-users. TikTok dismissed NCRI’s study, stating it does not reflect the real user experience.[50]

Minority groups

LGBTQ+ and Disabled People

In 2019, The Guardian reported that TikTok's efforts to provide locally-sensitive moderation had resulted in the removal of content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBTQ+ people or LGBTQ+ rights (such as same-sex couples holding hands) in countries such as Turkey.[11]

In December 2019, TikTok admitted that it aimed to "reduce bullying" in the comments of videos by artificially reducing the viral potential of videos its algorithm identified as being made by LGBTQ+ people.[51] That same month, the German website Netzpolitik.org reported that TikTok also artificially reduced the viral potential of videos its algorithm identified as being made by "fat people [and] people with facial disfigurement, autism, Down syndrome, [or] disabled people or people with some facial problems". Those affected may not have their video shown outside of their native country or have it show up on the "For You" page, TikTok's personalized algorithmic homepage feed.[51] According to The Verge, some lesbians on TikTok refer to themselves jokingly as "le dolla bean", referring to the spelling of "le$bian" used to avoid TikTok removing the video. Hicks told The Verge that "it became this whole joke because things that have the word 'lesbian' in them were either getting flagged for the deletion or causing the users' accounts to get in trouble".[52]

In 2020, TikTok was accused of censoring transgender users following reports of transgender users having videos being removed or muted. Transgender users on TikTok have complained of censorship after their posts were removed.[53] The BBC reported that the LGBTQ+ charity Stonewall stated that such actions had "sent a damaging message to young trans people using the platform for support". TikTok issued a statement claiming that they "categorically do not remove any content based on expression of gender identity".[54]

In September 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute reported that certain LGBTQ+ hashtags have been restricted in Bosnia, Russia, and Jordan. TikTok admitted restricting hashtags in certain countries, citing local laws for some hashtag restrictions and other hashtags due to being primarily used for pornographic use. TikTok also claimed that some hashtags had been moderated by mistake and the issue subsequently fixed and other hashtags alleged to have been censored had never been used by actual video creators yet.[55]

In May 2021, American intersex activist Pidgeon Pagonis reported that the "intersex" hashtag had become unavailable on TikTok for the second time. TikTok told The Verge that the tag had been removed by mistake and was subsequently restored in both instances, which led to public speculation about whether the hashtag was censored.[52]

TikTok has since apologized and instituted a ban against anti-LGBTQ ideology, with the exceptions of places such as China, the Middle East, and parts of Europe where additional censorship laws may apply.[52][56][55]

Black People

Fist closed in black going up.
Activists encouraged TikTok users to change their profile picture to the symbol of the raised fist in solidarity with African-American creators on TikTok.

In instances of protesting against acts of racism and racism as a whole, users have felt that there was a change in the popularity of their content, such as their content not showing up as frequently or even at all.[57]

On May 7, 2020, in honor of the upcoming birthday of Malcolm X on May 19, TikTok user Lex Scott encouraged viewers to protest TikTok's suppression of African-American creators by changing their profile pictures to the black power fist symbol, following black creators, and unfollowing creators who did not support the initiative. This was termed the #ImBlackMovement. Thousands of TikTok users followed suit, and the hashtag #BlackVoicesHeard reached over 6 million views by the morning of May 19.[58]

After the murder of George Floyd sparked racial unrest in the United States and protests around the world on May 25, 2020, TikTok creators claimed that TikTok was deliberately suppressing videos that used the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #GeorgeFloyd, with these videos appearing to receive no views. TikTok released a statement apologizing for this, claiming that a technical glitch had caused the display error and that the hashtags had received over 2 billion views.[59] Hicks argued that LGBTQ+ people and person of color have found that the guidelines are enforced "wildly differently", meaning their content will be suppressed or removed for supposed violations and that reports of harassment from other users are not acted upon: "Not only is it hurting their ability to speak and be seen on the app, but it's also allowing them to get attacked and have hate speech thrown their way."[52] He told CNN that he welcomed TikTok's public pledge of support to the Black community after the 2020 police killing of George Floyd and that he applied to the company because he felt its corporate value "really resonated with me."[60] The phrase "Black Lives Matter" and several related ones were labeled as inappropriate content.[61]

In 2021, TikTok apologized and vowed to do better after an app called for black creators to be treated more fairly amid accusations of censorship and content suppression was suspended. TikTok has since apologized for racism but many Black creators say little has changed.[62]

Commentary

According to technology historian Mar Hicks, creators on TikTok feel that they have to be overly cautious about what they post "because the rules change at any given moment [and] there's no transparency".[52] Hicks said that the sudden disappearance of tags, intentional or not, has "incredibly problematic effects and negative effects on communities that are already marginalized and erased". The muddiness around content removal and moderation on TikTok is an ongoing frustration for the app's users. TikTok has community guidelines, but there is no public list of specific words and phrases that are banned, and it is not clear how much moderation is done algorithmically versus by actual people.[52]

Censorship on Douyin

China heavily regulates how TikTok's sister app Douyin is used by minors in the country, especially after 2018.[63] Under government pressure, ByteDance introduced parental controls and a "teenage mode" that shows only whitelisted content, such as knowledge sharing, and bans pranks, superstition, dance clubs, and pro-LGBT content.[a][56]

References

  1. ^ Strictly legal explainers are still available on topics such as same-sex marriage.
  1. ^ Hern, Alex (25 September 2019). "Revealed: how TikTok censors videos that do not please Beijing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019. Notably absent from the list is Xi Jinping
  2. ^ Dodds, Laurence (12 July 2020). "Inside TikTok's dystopian Chinese censorship machine". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  3. ^ Harwell, Drew; Romm, Tony (15 September 2019). "TikTok's Beijing roots fuel censorship suspicion as it builds a huge U.S. audience". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  4. ^ Harwell, Drew; Romm, Tony (5 November 2019). "Inside TikTok: A culture clash where the U.S. views about censorship often were overridden by the Chinese bosses". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  5. ^ Chan, Holmes; Grundy, Tom (27 November 2019). "'Suspension won't silence me': Teen speaks out after embedding message about Xinjiang Uyghurs in TikTok make-up vid". Hong Kong Free Press. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  6. ^ Lee, David; Tannahill, Jordan (28 November 2019). "TikTok apologises and reinstates banned teen". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  7. ^ "TikTok Denies Censoring A Teen Who Criticized China's Concentration Camps – They Said They Banned Her After A Joke About Osama Bin Laden Thirst". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  8. ^ Lipes, Joshua (28 July 2020). "'You Would Want Somebody to Speak up For You': TikToker Who Posted Viral Video on Uyghurs". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  9. ^ "ofc this is shadowbanned so i'm gonna to keep posting it till it's not". TikTok.
  10. ^ Hern, Alex (25 September 2019). "Revealed: how TikTok censors videos that do not please Beijing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  11. ^ a b Hern, Alex (26 September 2019). "TikTok's local moderation guidelines ban pro-LGBT content". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  12. ^ Christopher, Nilesh (31 January 2020). "Censorship claims emerge as TikTok gets political in India". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  13. ^ Biddle, Sam; Ribeiro, Paulo Victor; Dias, Tatiana (16 March 2020). "Invisible Censorship – TikTok Told Moderators to Suppress Posts by "Ugly" People and the Poor to Attract New Users". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  14. ^ Hern, Alex (17 March 2020). "TikTok 'tried to filter out videos from ugly, poor or disabled users'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  15. ^ Dodds, Laurence (12 July 2020). "Inside TikTok's dystopian Chinese censorship machine". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  16. ^ Li, Jane (16 October 2019). "TikTok wants to prove it's not a new front in China's information war". Quartz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  17. ^ Lee, Cyrus (16 October 2019). "TikTok hires legal experts for content moderation amid censorship concerns". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  18. ^ Brody, Ben; Wilson, Megan (12 November 2019). "TikTok Revamps Lobbying as Washington Targets Chinese Ownership". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  19. ^ Xiao, Eva (17 June 2020). "TikTok Users Gush About China, Hoping to Boost Views". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  20. ^ Banerjee, Chandrima (6 June 2020). "Does TikTok censor content that's critical of China?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  21. ^ Byford, Sam (7 July 2020). "TikTok pulls out of Hong Kong due to new security law". The Verge. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020.
  22. ^ Criddle, Cristina (12 February 2020). "Transgender users accuse TikTok of censorship". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  23. ^ Shead, Sam (2020-11-05). "TikTok invites UK lawmakers to review algorithm after being probed on China censorship concerns". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-07. However, we want to be absolutely clear that even in those early policies, there was never a policy around the Uighur community, which is where I misspoke.
  24. ^ Westcott, Ben (6 November 2020). "TikTok exec says she 'misspoke' in hearing about the app censoring Xinjiang content | CNN Business". CNN. The previous content policy, which TikTok retired over a year ago, did not make reference to the Uyghurs, according to TikTok
  25. ^ "TikTok banned Trump before Trump could ban TikTok". Fortune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  26. ^ "В Роскомнадзоре похвалили TikTok за удаление постов с призывами к протестам" [Roskomnadzor praised the TikTok for deletion of posts with calls for protest activity]. Interfax.ru (in Russian). 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  27. ^ "Хинштейн: функция для борьбы с фейками в TikTok вписывается в идеологию принятого в РФ закона" [Khinstein: function to block fake content in TikTok fits well into ideology of recently adopted law in Russia]. Парламентская газета [ru] (in Russian). 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  28. ^ Lin, Pellaeon (22 March 2021). "TikTok vs Douyin: A Security and Privacy Analysis". Citizen Lab. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  29. ^ "TikTok and Douyin Explained". The Citizen Lab. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  30. ^ Küchemann, Fridtjof. "Zensur bei Tiktok?: Sternchen bei Wörtern wie "Internierungslager"". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  31. ^ "TikTok censoring LGBTQ, Nazi terms in Germany: report – DW – 03/23/2022". dw.com. Archived from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  32. ^ Milmo, Dan (10 March 2022). "TikTok users in Russia can see only old Russian-made content | TikTok". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  33. ^ "TikTok suspends content in Russia in response to 'fake news' law". TechCrunch. 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  34. ^ Tiku, Nitasha (2022-03-06). "TikTok suspends new posts in Russia due to the country's recent 'fake news' law". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  35. ^ Faddoul, Marc; Romano, Salvatore; Rama, Ilir; Kerby, Natalie; Giorgi, Giulia (13 April 2022). "Content Restrictions on TikTok in Russia following the Ukrainian War" (PDF). Tracking Exposed. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022. cannot be solely attributed to TikTok's content restriction policies. The 'fake news' law ... is likely to have also increased the level of self-censorship ... likely to be a technical glitch ... these loopholes and tried to patch them
  36. ^ Milmo, Dan (10 March 2022). "TikTok users in Russia can see only old Russian-made content". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  37. ^ Mueller, Miller; Farhat, Karim. "TikTok and US national security" (PDF). Internet Governance Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  38. ^ Harwell, Drew (March 24, 2023). "TikTok admits it banned former NBA player critical of China". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  39. ^ Quinn, Jimmy (2023-05-03). "TikTok Suspends Libertarian Think Tank That Posted about Hong Kong and Jimmy Lai". National Review. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  40. ^ Shepardson, David (2023-05-11). "US House Republicans raise 'deep concern' on TikTok content decisions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  41. ^ "TikTok refuses to run ads featuring Gaza hostages, claiming they're 'too political'". The Times of Israel. December 25, 2023. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  42. ^ Latiff, Rozanna (27 October 2023). "TikTok rejects Malaysian accusation it blocks pro-Palestinian content". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  43. ^ "Malaysia warns TikTok, Meta over alleged blocking of pro-Palestinian content". Reuters. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  44. ^ Maheshwari, Sapna (21 December 2023). "Topics Suppressed in China Are Underrepresented on TikTok, Study Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  45. ^ Leonhardt, David (2024-04-24). "TikTok's Pro-China Tilt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-03. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  46. ^ Maheshwari, Sapna (8 January 2024). "TikTok Quietly Curtails Data Tool Used by Critics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  47. ^ a b Hadero, Haleluya (9 January 2024). "TikTok restricts tool used by researchers – and its critics – to assess content on its platform". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  48. ^ Hadero, Haleluya (9 January 2024). "TikTok restricts hashtag search tool used by researchers to assess content on its platform". NBC10 Philadelphia. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  49. ^ Matzko, Paul. "Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics: A Misleading Study Compares TikTok and Instagram". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  50. ^ a b c Clanton, Alicia; Counts, Aisha (August 9, 2024). "TikTok Shows Less 'Anti-China' Content Than Rivals, Study Finds". Bloomberg via Yahoo. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  51. ^ a b "TikTok owns up to censoring some users' videos to stop bullying". The Guardian. 2019-12-03. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Sanchez, Kait (2021-06-04). "TikTok says the repeat removal of the intersex hashtag was a mistake". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  53. ^ "Transgender users accuse TikTok of censorship". 2020-02-12. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  54. ^ Criddle, Cristina (12 February 2020). "Transgender users accuse TikTok of censorship". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  55. ^ a b "TikTok admits restricting some LGBT hashtags". BBC News. 2020-09-10. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  56. ^ a b Hung, Allison; Rollet, Charles (3 January 2023). "Douyin Bans Pro-LGBT Content". IPVM. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  57. ^ Ryan, Fergus; Fritz, Audrey; Impiombato, Daria (2020). "TikTok and WeChat: Curating and controlling global information flows". Tiktok and Wechat: 04–24. JSTOR resrep26120.5.
  58. ^ Elassar, Alaa (19 May 2020). "TikTokers stand in solidarity with black creators to protest censorship". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  59. ^ Molina, Brett. "TikTok apologizes after claims it blocked #BlackLivesMatter, George Floyd posts". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  60. ^ Duffy, Catherine Thorbecke,Clare (2023-09-21). "Black creators built TikTok. But Black employees say they experienced 'toxicity and racism' | CNN Business". CNN. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Ohlheiser, A.W. (July 13, 2021). "Welcome to TikTok's endless cycle of censorship and mistakes". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  62. ^ "Months after TikTok apologized to Black creators, many say little has changed". NBC News. 2021-02-09. Archived from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  63. ^ Zhang, Zeyi (8 March 2023). "How China takes extreme measures to keep teens off TikTok". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_TikTok