Buri Wolio
| Buri Wolio بُرِ وٚلِيٚ | |
|---|---|
 An Islamic poetry in Buri Wolio | |
| Script type | |
Time period | c. 16 c. to the present |
| Direction | Right-to-left |
| Languages | Wolio |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Pegon script, Jawi script, Sorabe alphabet |
Buri Wolio (Wolio: بُرِ وٚلِيٚ) is an Arabic script modified to write Wolio, a language spoken in and around Baubau, the capital of Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Generally, this script is same with Jawi script, except in Buri Wolio, vowel sounds are symbolized. This script has 35 letters, 28 letters from Arabic alphabet and 7 additional letters similar to those in Jawi script to represent sounds not found in Arabic. Of these, 22 are used for writing of Wolio language, while 13 are reserved for writing loanwords of Arabic (and European) origin.[1]
Buri Wolio is similar in most aspects to Jawi script, except that in addition to the 3 diacritics in Arabic and Jawi, Buri Wolio has two additional diacritics for expressing the /e/ and /u/ vowel sounds.
It is unclear when Buri Wolio script was first created and used, but according to the oldest Buton manuscripts that have been found, it is estimated that this script has existed since the arrival of Islam on Buton Island in the 16th century.[2][3] As Wolio language was the lingua franca of Sultanate of Buton, this script was used in writing ancient texts in Buton, including; texts of laws, religious texts and diplomatic letters.[3]
In addition, this script has also been used to write kaḃanti (كَڀَنْتِ), a traditional type of long poetry consisting of lines, each with a pair of verses. The tradition of writing kaḃanti in Buton reached its peak of popularity in the 19th century (1824–1851), namely during the reign of the 29th Sultan of Buton, Muhammad Idrus Kaimuddin. For the people of Buton, besides from being known as a sultan, he is also known as a famous scholar and poet of Buton. As a poet, he composed a lot of kaḃanti literature, especially those based on Islamic teachings. Other than Muhammad Idrus Kaimuddin, several other Butonese poets came from the royal family of Buton, such as La Ode Kobu (Metapasina Bādia), La Ode Nafiu (Yarona Labuandiri), and H. Abdul Ganiu (Kenepulu Bula).[4]
Alphabet
Letters
Buri Wolio script consists of 22 primary characters, of which 15 are from Arabic Script, and 7 are new characters, made by adding dots to existing Arabic Characters, similar to characters of the Jawi script. These new characters are highlighted in the table below. There are an additional 13 characters, that are exclusively used for writing of loanwords taken from Arabic or from European languages.[5][3]
| Name | Forms | Sound represented | Latin equivalent | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | ||||
| ʾalif أَلِف |
ا | ـا | /ʔ/ | ā / ʾ | Pronounced as /ʔ/ in Wolio. Can be pronounced as /ā/ in loanwords. | ||
| bāʾ باء |
ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | A regressive /b/ phoneme |
| ḃā ڀَا |
ڀ | ـڀ | ـڀـ | ڀـ | /bʰ/ | ḃ | New letter not present in Arabic |
| tāʾ تاء |
ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t/ | t | |
| jīm جِيم |
ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | |
| cā چَا |
چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | c | New letter not present in Arabic |
| dal دَال |
د | ـد | /d/ | d | A Plosive /d/ phoneme | ||
| ḋā ڊَا |
ڊ | ـڊ | /dʰ/ | ḋ | New letter not present in Arabic | ||
| rāʾ رَاء |
ر | ـر | /r/ | r | |||
| zāyn زَاين |
ز | ـز | /z/ | z | |||
| sīn سِين |
س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | |
| ngā ڠَا |
ڠ | ـڠ | ـڠـ | ڠـ | /ŋ/ | ng | New letter not present in Arabic |
| pā ڨَا |
ڤ | ـڤ | ـڤـ | ڤـ | /p/ | p | New letter not present in Arabic |
| kāf كَاف |
ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | /k/ | k | |
| gā ڬَا |
ڬ | ـڬ | ـڬـ | ڬـ | /ɡ/ | g | New letter not present in Arabic |
| lām لاَم |
ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | |
| mīm مِيم |
م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m | |
| nūn نون |
ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/ | n | |
| nyā ۑَا |
ۑ | ـۑ | ـۑـ | ۑـ | /ɲ/ | ny | New letter not present in Arabic |
| hāʾ هَاء |
ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | /h/ | h | |
| wāw وَاو |
و | ـو | /w/ | ||||
| yāʾ ياء |
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | /a/ | a / y | Pronounced as /a/ in Wolio. But in foreign words, pronounced as /j/ |
| Name | Forms | Sound represented | Latin equivalent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | |||
| ṡāʾ ثَاء |
ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /s/ | s |
| Ha حَاء |
ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /h/ | ḥ |
| khāʾ خَاء |
خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /x/ | kh |
| żāl ذَال |
ذ | ـذ | /z/ | z | ||
| syin شِين |
ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sy |
| ṣād صَاد |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | s |
| ḍād ضَاد |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /d/ | d |
| ṭāʾ طَاء |
ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t/ | t |
| ẓāʾ ظَاء |
ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /z/ | z |
| ʿayn عَيْن |
ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /ʔ/ | ʿ |
| ghayn غَيْن |
غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/ | gh |
| fāʾ فَاء |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/ | f |
| qāf قَاف |
ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/ | q |
Vowel Diacritics
The purpose of vowel diacritics in an Abjad script is to give vowels to each consonants. Unlike its neighbouring relatives, Jawi and Pegon, Buri Wolio cannot be read without diacritics. The shape and position of diacritic is very important. There are 6 diacritics in Bui Wolio, which include the Sukun diacritic (zero-vowel), the 3 diacritics inherited from Arabic, representing sounds /a/, /i/, and /u/, as well as two new diacritics unique to Buri Wolio, representing diacritics /e/ and /o/. All of these diacritics represent short vowel sounds. With the help of the letters "ا", "و", or "ي", diacritics can also represent long vowel sounds.
| Sukun (Zero-vowel) |
Short | Long | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -a | -i | -u | -e | -o | -ā | -ī | -ū | -ē | -ō | |
| ◌ْ | ◌َ | ◌ِ | ◌ُ | ◌ࣹ | ◌ٚ | ◌َا | ◌ِيْـ / ◌ِيْ | ◌ُوْ | ◌ࣹيْـ / ◌ࣹيْ | ◌ٚوْ |
| Short | Long | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | I | U | E | O | Ā | Ī | Ū | Ē | Ō |
| يَـ / يَ | يِـ / يِ | يُـ / يُ | يࣹـ / يࣹ | يٚـ / يٚ | يَا | يِيْـ / يِيْ | يُوْ | يࣹيْـ / يࣹيْ | يٚوْ |
| Sukun (Zero-vowel) |
Short | Long | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | Sa | Si | Su | Se | So | Sā | Sī | Sū | Sē | Sō |
| سْـ / سْ | سَـ / سَ | سِـ / سِ | سُـ / سُ | سࣹـ / سࣹ | سٚـ / سٚ | سَا | سِيْـ / سِيْ | سُوْ | سࣹيْـ / سࣹيْ | سٚوْ |
Reduplication
In Buri Wolio, Reduplication is done in a manner similar to Jawi script and Pegon script, that is with the use of the numeral "٢" right after the base word.
While suffixed, the numeral "٢" comes in between the base word and the suffix, effectively being in the middle of the word.[6]
Below are some sample words:[6]
| Buri Wolio | Latin |
|---|---|
| هُمْبُ۲ | humbu-humbu |
| سُمْبࣹ۲ | sumbe-sumbe |
| يِنْچࣹمَ۲ | incema-incema |
| ڠَوُ۲نَ | ngawu-ngawuna |
Sample Text
Below is a sample except of Wolio language poetry "Kaḃanti Bunga Malati", which was rewritten in modern Latin Wolio Script in 2004.[4][6]
| Wolio | Indonesian Translation[4] | |
|---|---|---|
| Buri Wolio[6] | Latin | |
| مِنْچُيَنَڨٚ يِسَرٚڠِ رَڠْكَيࣹيَ نࣹسَبُتُنَ يَڀَرِ اَرَتَانَ تَبࣹيَنَمٚ يِسَرٚڠِ رَڠْكَيࣹيَ هࣹڠْڬَ حَقُنَ يَڨࣹكَڊُوَيَكَمٚ |
Mincuanapo isarongi rangkaea Ne sabutuna aḃari ʾaratāna Tabeanamo isarongi rangkaea Hengga ḥaquna apekaḋuwaakamo |
Belumlah dikatakan orang kaya Kalau hanya banyak hartanya Tapi yang dikatakan kaya Miliknya pun rela diberikannya |
| مِنْچُيَنَڨٚ يِسَرٚڠِ مِسِكِنِ نࣹسَبُتُنَ يِنْدَ تࣹئَرَتَانَ تَبࣹيَنَمٚ يِسَرٚڠِ مِسِكِنِ يَڨࣹيْلُيَ عَرَسِ كٚحَقُنَ |
Mincuanapo isarongi misikini Ne sabutuna inda teʾaratāna Tabeanamo isarongi misikini Apēlua ʿarasi koḥaquna |
Bukanlah dinamakan orang miskin Jika hanya tidak punya harta Sebenarnya orang miskin itu (adalah orang yang) Masih mengharapkan hak sesamanya |
| مِنْچُيَنَڨٚ يِسَرٚڠِ مَرَدِكَ نࣹسَبُتُنَ يَڨٚوْڨُيَ يِڨَيُ تَبࣹيَنَمٚ يِسَرٚڠِ مَرَدِكَ يَمَرَدِكَمٚ يِوَانَ نَرَكَا |
Mincuanapo isarongi maradika Ne sabutuna apōpua ipau Tabeanamo isarongi maradika Amaradikamo iwāna narakā |
Belumlah dikatakan merdeka Kalau hanya memangku jabatan Sebenarnya yang (dikatakan) merdeka itu (adalah orang yang) Sudah bebas dari api neraka |
See also
References
- ^ "Bahasa Wolio di Kerajaan Buton". Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
- ^ Hiroko K. Yamaguchi (2007). "Manuskrip Buton: Keistimewaan dan nilai budaya". SARI: Jurnal Alam dan Tamadun Melayu. 25: 41–50. ISSN 0127-2721. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
- ^ a b c Niampe, La (2011-03-01). "Bahasa Wolio Di Kerajaan Buton". Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana. 18. ISSN 2656-6419.
- ^ a b c Niampe, La (1999). Kabanti oni Wolio = Puisi berbahasa Wolio. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-927-1. OCLC 43790835.
- ^ Abas, Husen (1983). Struktur Bahasa Wolio (PDF). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d "Bunga Malati". Endangered Archives Programme. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
External links
- Manuskrip Buton: Keistimewaan dan Nilai Budaya
- Collection of Wolio Manuscripts at the British Library
- Fragments of three different manuscripts from La Ode Zaenu collection in Baubau, Digitized by DREAMSEA Project
- Peacock, A.C.S. (2019) "Arabic Manuscripts from Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, and the Literary Activities of Sultan Muḥammad ʿAydarūs (1824–1851)" in Journal of Islamic Manuscripts, Volume 10: Issue 1, pp 44–83 Brill doi:10.1163/1878464X-01001005
